Lee Young-ae
Lee in May 2023
Born (1971-01-31) January 31, 1971
Alma materHanyang University
(B.A. German Language and Literature)
Chung Ang University
(M.A. Theater and Film)[1]
Occupations
  • Actress
  • model
Years active
  • 1993–2005
  • 2017–present
AgentGood People Entertainment[lower-alpha 1]
Height165 cm (5 ft 5 in)[2]
Spouse
Jeong Ho-yeong
(m. 2009)
Children2
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationI Yeong-ae
McCune–ReischauerYi Yŏng-ae

Lee Young-ae (born January 31, 1971)[2] is a South Korean actress. She is known for her appearances in the Korean historical drama Dae Jang Geum (2003), and as a revenge seeking single mother in Park Chan-wook's crime thriller film Lady Vengeance (2005). For her performance in the film, she received Best Actress awards at the 38th Sitges Film Festival,[3] 26th Blue Dragon Film Awards and 42nd Baeksang Arts Awards.

Career

Lee made her debut as a model in 1991. After appearing in television commercials, she debuted as an actress in the 1993 drama How's Your Husband?, which won her Best New Actress at the SBS Drama Awards.

Lee on boat ride at the Qiandao Lake in China in March 2006.

In 2000, she starred in the mystery thriller film Joint Security Area, which became the highest-grossing Korean film at that time. She followed this with melodrama Last Present, where she received acclaim for her performance as a young woman facing the realities of an early death.[4] Lee reunited with director Hur Jin-ho to star in his next film One Fine Spring Day, which won her Best Actress at the Busan Film Critics Awards. She also starred in the TV series Fireworks, which introduced Lee to Taiwan audiences.[5]

Lee came to prominence in South Korea after starring in the historical drama Dae Jang Geum. It first aired from September 15, 2003 to March 23, 2004 on MBC, where it was the top program with an average viewership rating of 46.3% and a peak of 57.8%, making it the 10th highest rated Korean drama of all time.[6] Lee won the Daesang (Grand Prize) award at the MBC Drama Awards, as well as the Top Excellence award. The show was then aired overseas in 91 countries and became exceptionally popular in Asia.[7][8] The fame of Dae Jang Geum launched Lee into pan-Asia stardom as one of the biggest Hallyu stars.[9][10] She has been invited to visit mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Japan.[11][12] In 2006, for the first time in 12 years, NHK had to use the NHK Hall to host the NHK show due to her popularity; stamps featuring Lee were released in Japan.[13] She was also invited to the 2007 Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival in China.[14]

Lee then starred in the third installment in Park Chan-wook's The Vengeance Trilogy, titled Sympathy For Lady Vengeance.[15] She was awarded Best Actress at the 2005 Blue Dragon Film Awards and 2006 Baeksang Art Awards for her performance in the film.[16][17]

In 2006, Lee was invited sit on the jury bench of the 56th Berlin International Film Festival, becoming the first Korean actress to be selected as a jury member of the international film festival.[18]

In 2007, she received the Medal of Culture Merit for her contribution to the Korean Wave from the South Korean government.[19]

At the press conference of Saimdang, Memoir of Colors, January 2017

In 2015, it was announced that Lee would be making her comeback to television in SBS historical series Saimdang, Memoir of Colors. She would be playing dual roles as Shin Saimdang, a famed Joseon-era artist and calligrapher as well as a modern-day Korean history lecturer.[20] The drama premiered in January 2017.[21]

In 2018, Lee was cast in the film Bring Me Home, returning to the big screen after 13 years.[22]

In 2022, Lee was invited to be the jury member of the 27th Busan International Film Festival's "Actor of the Year Award".[23]

Other ventures

Philanthropy

Besides her acting career, Lee has been involved with several charities. In 1997, she went to Ethiopia as a NGO Goodwill Ambassador. She went to Thar Desert in 1999 to do a TV show about people in India's lowest social caste. Later in 2001, she described these experiences in her autobiography “A Most Special Love”[24] with partial English and donated the income from the sale of the book to charity.

She was appointed a goodwill ambassador in 2004 by UNICEF and has since held several charity posts. She has made many donations to schools and hospitals, including Chosun First Middle School in Harbin[25] and an elementary school in China that was later renamed Lee Young-Ae Elementary School.[26] In 2012, she served as the celebrity spokesperson for the "Love Donation" project, hosted by the magazine Woman Chosun. She made a donation to build a school in Myanmar.[27][28]

In 2012, Lee launched a business for organic and eco-friendly products for children in Seoul.[29]

In July 2014, Taiwanese media reported that Lee had privately assisted a pregnant Taiwanese woman vacationing with her husband in Seoul. The woman gave birth to a girl prematurely and the infant had several complications. Lee found out about the couple through her friend and decided to pay their medical bills of NT$4 million (US$134,000) because the infant required two surgeries and constant medical care after she was born.[30] Lee was subsequently given an award by Taiwan's Chou Ta-Kuan Cultural and Educational Foundation.[31] In 2016, she helped a Vietnamese girl who went to Korea to treat her brain tumor by donating 37 million won for the operation and other medical bills.[32]

In Sri Lanka, she is known as "Changumi" (Sinhala: චංගුමී), and her popularity there led to the creation of the Sujatha Diyani Scholarship Fund in 2014, when she donated US$100,000. The fund aims at providing financial assistance to female students from low-income families.[33] Lee also became the first actress to join the "Chime for Change" campaign of Gucci to "raise funds and awareness for projects promoting education, health, and justice for girls and women" around the world.[34]

In 2015, Lee was appointed special envoy by the UNESCO Korean Commission.[35] She promotes the commission's activities such as fundraising and a campaign to render educational support to underdeveloped countries.[36]

In March 2022, Lee donated 100 million won to Ukraine, which was damaged by the Russian invasion, along with a letter of consolation to the people of Ukraine.[37]

On May 1, 2022, Lee donated 100 million won to the Sowon Foundation Office in Yangpyeong City Gyeonggi-do Province to assist patients who have difficulty getting out of the house due to childhood cancer or rare diseases.[38]

On August 19, 2022, Lee donated ₩100 million to help those affected by the 2022 South Korean floods through the Korea Foundation for the Disabled.[39]

On November 3, 2022, Lee made a donation to help the victims of the Seoul Halloween crowd crush through donations to Korea Welfare Foundation for the Disabled.[40]

On January 22, 2023, Lee donated 50 million won to residents affected by the fire in Guryong Village, Gangnam District, Seoul.[41]

In September 2023, Lee donated 50 million won to Syngman Rhee, President of the Founder's Memorial Association to build a memorial to former president Syngman Rhee.[42]

In November 2023, Lee donated ₩50 million to aid humanitarian efforts for children hurt in the Israel-Hamas war, the Korean Red Cross announced on 21.[43]

Endorsements

Lee in a fashion film featuring Balenciaga for Marie Claire Korea in February 2021.

In 1991, Lee made her debut as a rookie model, became known through a TV commercial for Pacific Chemical's (now Amore Pacific) cosmetics brand Mamonde. Her urban image with her raised hair and trench coat collar left a strong impression on viewers, and Lee Young-ae, who was studying "German Language and Literature" at Hanyang University at that moment, rose to stardom with the modifier Oxygen Lady. At that time, Mamonde became the most successful brand in the history of Pacific Chemical. The product Tropic Orange Makeup, which was released in March 1994, achieved a record of selling 1.5 million units in two months. Due to the popularity of Mamonde and Lee Young-ae, competitors also poured out advertisements with a similar concept in 1997. She had been the face of Mamonde for 10 years.[44]

Since 2007, Lee became the global ambassador of LG Household & Health Care’s super-premium beauty brand The History of Whoo until now.[45][46]

In 2020, Lee had been selected as Korean ambassador for Ferragamo Eyewear.[47]

In July 2022, she was selected as the model for the new product "Lifening Beauty Collagen Ampoule" of the inner beauty brand Lifening.[48]

Personal life

In 2009, Lee married Jeong Ho-young, a Korean-American businessman who was twenty years older than her.[49] On February 20, 2011, she gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl.[50]

Filmography

Film

Year Title Role
English Korean
1996 Insyalla 인샬라 Lee Hyang
1998 First Kiss 키스할까요 Min-joo (cameo)
2000 Joint Security Area 공동경비구역 JSA Maj. Sophie E. Jean
2001 Last Present 선물 Park Jung-yeon
One Fine Spring Day 봄날은 간다 Han Eun-soo
2005 Lady Vengeance 친절한 금자씨 Lee Geum-ja
2019 Bring Me Home 나를 찾아줘 Seo Jung-yeon

Television series

Year Title Role Notes Ref.
EnglishKorean
1993How's Your Husband?댁의 남편은 어떠십니까?Do Do-hee
1994Dash질주
1995Love and Marriage사랑과 결혼Oh Eun-ji
West Palace서궁Kim Gae-shi / Gae-Ttong
Asphalt Man아스팔트 사나이Dong-hee
1996Papa파파Han Sae-young
Their Embrace그들의 포옹Kim Seung-hye
Sibling Relations동기간
1997Medical Brothers의가형제Cha Min-ju
The Reason I Live내가 사는 이유Ae-suk
Because I Love You사랑하니까Eo Yu-na
1998Romance로맨스
Advocate애드버킷
1999Enbireyong은비령
Invitation초대Choi Young-joo
The Wave파도
2000Fireworks불꽃Kim Ji-hyun
2003Jewel in the Palace대장금Seo Jang-geum
2017Saimdang, Memoir of Colors사임당, 빛의 일기Shin Saimdang / Seo Ji-yoon
2018Gangnam Beauty내 아이디는 강남미인HerselfCameo (episode 1)[51]
2021–2023Taxi Driver모범택시NarratorVoice appearance[52][53]
2021Inspector Koo구경이Koo Kyung-yi[54]
2023Maestra: Strings of Truth마에스트라Cha Se-eum[55]

Television show

Year Title Role Notes Ref.
2022 Docu Prime - Children's Rights Narrator children's human rights documentary narration [56]

Awards and nominations

Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref.
1994 SBS Drama Awards Best New Actress How's Your Husband? Won
1995 KBS Drama Awards Popularity Award West Palace Won
1996 MBC Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actress Their Embrace, Sibling Relations Nominated
1997 The Reason I Live Won
1998 SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actress Romance Won
1999 KBS Drama Awards Excellence Award, Actress Invitation Nominated
Popularity Award Won
2000 SBS Drama Awards Big Star Awards Fireworks Won
Top Excellence Award, Actress Nominated
21st Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Actress Joint Security Area Nominated
2001 37th Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actress (Film) Nominated
2nd Korea Movie & Music Awards Photogenic Prize for Actress Won
38th Grand Bell Awards Best Actress Last Present Nominated
Cine 21 Movie Awards One Fine Spring Day , Last Present Won
2nd Busan Film Critics Awards One Fine Spring Day Won
22nd Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Actress Nominated
2002 38th Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actress (Film) Nominated
39th Grand Bell Awards Best Actress Nominated
25th Golden Cinema Film Festival Most Popular Actress Last Present Won
2003 MBC Drama Awards Grand Prize (Daesang) Dae Jang Geum Won
Top Excellence Award, Actress Nominated
2004 40th Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actress (TV) Nominated
2nd Andre Kim Best Star Awards Female Star Award Won [57]
2005 Hong Kong Government Broadcasting Award Hong Kong People's Choice Won
China Synsis Bao Most Influential Foreign Star 3rd place
26th Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Actress Lady Vengeance Won [17]
4th Korean Film Awards Best Actress Nominated
8th Director's Cut Awards Won [58]
38th Sitges Film Festival Won [3]
13th Chunsa Film Art Awards Nominated
2006 38th Cinemanila International Film Festival Won [59]
43rd Grand Bell Awards Nominated [60]
Korean Wave Popularity Award Won
42nd Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actress (Film) Won
2007 15th Chunsa Film Festival Korean Wave Contribution Award Won
3rd Andre Kim Best Star Awards Grand Prize Won [61]
1st Hallyu Awards Star (Drama) Award Won [62]
44th Korean Broadcasters Association Day Actor Award Won [63]
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Medal of Cultural Merit Won [19]
2009 5th Andre Kim Best Star Awards Female Star Award Won
2015 10th Seoul International Drama Awards 10th Anniversary Hallyu Achievement Award Won [64]
2017 22nd Consumers Day Cultural Person Award Saimdang, Memoir of Colors Won
2017 SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Wed-Thurs Drama Nominated [65]
2020 25th Chunsa Film Art Awards Best Actress Bring Me Home Won [66]
29th Buil Film Awards Nominated
2021 Cine 21 Awards Best Actress of the Year Inspector Koo Won [67]
2022 Bechdel Day 2022 Best Actress Won [68]
National Brand Awards 2022 Hallyu Achievement Award Won [69]

Notes

  1. A subsidiary of Creative Leaders Group Eight.

References

  1. "Lee Young-ae to Earn Ph.D. from Hanyang University". KBS World. June 18, 2009.
  2. 1 2 "이영애 Nate Profile". Archived from the original on October 19, 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Lee Young-ae wins best actress at Sitges film festival". Hancinema. KBS World. October 19, 2005.
  4. "Lee Young-Ae plays dying wife in 'The Gift'". The Donga Ilbo. March 23, 2001.
  5. "Korean drama gains popularity in Taiwan". The Korea Times. August 21, 2011.
  6. "Sleepless in Seoul". The Chosun Ilbo. December 5, 2003.
  7. "Dae Jang Geum Frenzy Hits Japan". The Donga Ilbo. October 31, 2005.
  8. "Local Epic TV Dramas Going Global". The Korea Times. February 5, 2008.
  9. "Actress Gains Popularity in Asia". Hancinema. The Korea Times. December 21, 2005.
  10. "It's Official: Hong Kong Loves Lee". The Donga Ilbo. January 2, 2006.
  11. "Chinese Mainland in Thrall to 'Daejanggeum'". September 30, 2005.
  12. "Thousands Come Out to Meet Lee Young-ae in Japan". The Chosun Ilbo. May 9, 2006.
  13. "Stamps featuring Lee Young-ae to Be Released in Japan". China Daily. April 28, 2006.
  14. "李英愛將成為中國哈爾濱名譽市民". The Chosun Ilbo (in Chinese). December 28, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  15. "She May Not Look Like a Killer". The Chosun Ilbo. July 22, 2015.
  16. "'Lady Vengeance' Bags Korea's Top Movie Honors". The Chosun Ilbo. November 30, 2005.
  17. 1 2 "Lee Young-ae Snaps String of Bad Luck at Movie Awards". The Chosun Ilbo. November 30, 2005.
  18. "It's Official: Lee Young-ae Picked for Berlin Film Fest Jury". The Chosun Ilbo. January 10, 2006.
  19. 1 2 "組圖:李英愛榮獲文化獎章". The Chosun Ilbo (in Chinese). September 3, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  20. "In 'Saimdang' Lee Young-ae renders Korea's maternal icon human". Yonhap News Agency. 2017-01-23.
  21. Park Jin-hai (January 25, 2017). "'Dae Jang Geum' star returns with 'Saimdang' after 14 years". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  22. "Lee Young-ae to come back with new film 'Find Me'". Yonhap News Agency. February 21, 2018. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022.
  23. Kang Min-kyung (September 23, 2022). "[공식] 이영애·김상경, 제27회 BIFF '올해의 배우상' 심사위원" [[Official] Lee Young-ae and Kim Sang-kyung, judges of the 27th BIFF 'Actor of the Year Award']. Ten Asia (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
  24. us.yesasia.com A Most Special Love
  25. "李英愛向朝鮮族學校捐贈10萬元人民幣" (in Chinese). The Chosun Ilbo. January 6, 2007. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  26. "Chinese School Named for Korean Star". The Donga Ilbo. March 22, 2016.
  27. "Actress Lee Young-ae Sets Up School In Myanmar". Hancinema. KBS World. August 29, 2012.
  28. "Lee Young-ae donation to help build a school in Myanmar". Korea JoongAng Daily. August 29, 2012.
  29. "Actress Lee Young-ae Launches Eco-Business". The Chosun Ilbo. October 11, 2012.
  30. "Lee Young-ae Pays Hospital Bills of Taiwanese Mother". The Chosun Ilbo. July 2, 2014.
  31. "Taiwanese Foundation to Honor Samaritan Lee Young-ae". The Chosun Ilbo. October 31, 2014.
  32. "Lee Young-ae sends aid to Vietnamese girl with brain tumor". Hancinema. 10Asia. March 24, 2016.
  33. "Initiating the "Sujatha Diyani Scholarship Fund" for Female Students of Low Income Families Following the New Technology Subject Stream". Office of the Cabinet of Ministers – Sri Lanka. January 30, 2014.
  34. "Lee Young-ae Joins Gucci's Global Campaign for Women's Empowerment". The Chosun Ilbo. March 18, 2014.
  35. "Lee Young-ae appointed as UNESCO special envoy". Yonhap News Agency. November 27, 2015.
  36. "Lee Young-ae to Promote Charitable Activities with UNESCO". The Chosun Ilbo. October 28, 2015.
  37. Jeong Hye-jeong (March 1, 2022). "이영애, 우크라에 1억 기부 "참전용사 가족으로 잔혹함 안다"" [Lee Young-ae, donated 100 million won to Ukraine "I know the cruelty of a war veteran's family"]. JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved March 1, 2022 via Naver.
  38. Park Ah-reum (May 2, 2022). "기부가 일상" 이영애, 소아암 환우 위해 1억 또 기부" [Donation is daily life” Lee Young-ae, another 100 million donation for children with cancer] (in Korean). Newsen. Retrieved May 2, 2022 via Naver.
  39. Jo Yeon-kyung (August 19, 2022). "이영애, 집중호우 피해 장애인 가족 위해 5000만원 기부" [Lee Young-ae donates 50 million won to the families of the disabled affected by the torrential rain] (in Korean). JTBC. Retrieved August 19, 2022 via Naver.
  40. Park Pan-seok (November 3, 2022). "선행의 아이콘 이영애, 이태원 참사 러시아 유족 위해 기부 약속 지켰다" [Icon of good deeds, Lee Young-ae, kept her promise to donate to the Russian bereaved of the Itaewon disaster] (in Korean). OSEN. Retrieved November 3, 2022 via Naver.
  41. Woo Da-bin (January 23, 2023). "이영애, 구룡마을 화재 이재민 위해 5천만 원 기부" [Lee Young-ae donates 50 million won for Guryong village fire victims] (in Korean). Hankook Ilbo. Retrieved January 27, 2023 via Naver.
  42. Lim, Jeong-won (September 13, 2023). "Lee Young-ae donates $37,600 to Syngman Rhee memorial association". Korea JoongAng Daily (in Korean). Retrieved November 18, 2023 via Naver.
  43. Lim, Jeong-won (November 21, 2023). "Actor Lee Young-ae donates to Israel-Hamas humanitarian aid". Korea JoongAng Daily (in Korean). Retrieved November 21, 2023 via Naver.
  44. "권총 들고 액션신···'산소같은 여자' 이영애 스타덤 올랐다". The Joong Ang. 2020-08-01. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  45. "후의 상징 현대의 진정한 왕후 이영애" [The icon of the future, the true queen of modern times, Lee Young-ae]. The History of Whoo. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  46. "4 Celebrities with effortlessly luminous skin". Marie France - Asia. 25 March 2016. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  47. "페라가모 픽, 이영애 - 이영애가 페라가모 아이웨어 한국 공식 앰버서더로 선정되었다". W Korea. 2020-04-21. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  48. "'라이프닝 뷰티 콜라겐 앰플' 배우 이영애 모델 발탁…광고 영상 공개". Pinpoint News. 2022-07-01. Archived from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  49. "Actress Lee Young-ae Secretly Married in U.S". The Chosun Ilbo. August 26, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
  50. "Actress Lee Young-ae gives birth to twins". The Korea Herald. February 22, 2011.
  51. "[단독] 이영애, '내아이디는강남미인' 카메오 깜짝출연..'데뷔 후 처음'". Osen (in Korean). July 24, 2018 via Naver.
  52. Jang Woo-young (April 8, 2021). "이영애, '모범택시' 목소리 특별 출연…복수대행 시발점". Osen (in Korean). Retrieved April 8, 2021 via Naver.
  53. "'모범택시2' 이영애, 시즌2에서도 목소리 특별 출연[공식]". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  54. Kim Na-young (May 20, 2021). "이영애 복귀작 '구경이'·레드벨벳 조이 '한 사람만', JTBC 편성 확정 (공식)". MK Sports (in Korean). Retrieved May 20, 2021 via Naver.
  55. Kim Yu-jin (November 21, 2022). "이영애, '마에스트라' 출연 확정…오케스트라 여성 지휘자 변신 [공식입장]" [Lee Young-ae confirmed to appear in 'Maestra'... Orchestra female conductor transformation [official position]]. Xports News (in Korean). Retrieved November 21, 2022 via Naver.
  56. Yeon Hwi-seon (May 6, 2022). "이영애, EBS 아동인권 다큐 내레이션...출연료 전액 기부 [공식]" [Lee Young-ae, EBS children's human rights documentary narration... Fully donated of the performance fee [Official]] (in Korean). OSEN. Retrieved May 6, 2022 via Naver.
  57. "Fashion Designer Andre Kim Gives Out Best Star Awards". Hancinema. The Korea Times. November 16, 2004.
  58. "Young Korean directors present Directors' Cut Awards". Korean Film Biz Zone. December 30, 2005.
  59. "'Kubrador' wins grand prize in Cinemanila 2006". PEP. November 14, 2006.
  60. "43rd Crowns King and the Clown". Hancinema. Korean Film Biz Zone. July 26, 2006.
  61. "Top Stars Win Andre Kim Awards". The Korea Times. May 1, 2007.
  62. "Jang Dong-gun, Bae Yong-joon and others awarded at the First Annual Hallyu Awards". Hancinema. Broasia. May 16, 2007.
  63. "44th Broadcasting Day Ceremony". Arirang. September 3, 2007.
  64. "[The 10th Seoul Drama Award] Lee Young-ae and Lee Min-ho, co-recipients of Grand Prize of Hallyu Contribution". Hancinema. TV Report. September 10, 2015.
  65. Kim, Sol-ji (December 31, 2017). "[2017 SBS 연기대상] '당잠사' 커플 이종석·수지, 나란히 최우수 연기상 수상" [[2017 SBS Drama Awards] 'Dangjamsa' couple Lee Jong-suk and Suzy win Best Acting Award side by side] (in Korean). MBN. Retrieved September 8, 2022 via Naver.
  66. Park, Ah-reum (June 19, 2020). "'춘사영화제' 이영애X이병헌X'봉오동 전투' 최고 영예 감격(종합)". Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  67. Im Soo-yeon, Kim So-mi and Bae Dong-mi (December 24, 2021). "<씨네21>이 선정한 올해의 시리즈를 빛낸 감독, 배우, 스탭은?" [Who are the directors, actors, and staff who shined in this year's series selected by <Cine21>?] (in Korean). Cine 21. Retrieved December 24, 2021 via Naver.
  68. Jeon Hyung-hwa (August 19, 2022). "구경이' 이영애, 시리즈 부문 벡델리안 선정..'옷소매..' 백델초이스5" [Gukyungi' Lee Young-ae, selected as Bechdelian in the series category..'Clothes..' Baekdel's Choice 5] (in Korean). MT Star News. Retrieved August 19, 2022 via Naver.
  69. Park, Seung-hyun (September 19, 2022). "오겜' 이정재, 국회서 국가브랜드 대상 받는다" ['Ogem' Lee Jung-jae receives the national brand grand prize at the National Assembly] (in Korean). AtStyle. Retrieved September 19, 2022 via Naver.
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