Mother sea otter with sleeping pup, Morro Bay, California

In the English language, many animals have different names depending on whether they are male, female, young, domesticated, or in groups.

The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in 1486 and attributed to Juliana Berners.[1] Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.[2][3][4]

Generic terms

The terms in this table apply to many or all taxons in a particular biological family, class, or clade.

Scientific termTrivial nameYoungFemaleMaleCollective nounCollateral adjective
Avesbirdchickhencockflockavian
Bovinaecattle; ox,[5] cowcalfcow (bred), heifer (not bred)bull (intact), bullock[6] or steer (castrated)herdbovine
Canidaedogpuppy, pup,[7] cub, whelpbitchdogpackcanine
Cetaceawhale, dolphin, porpoisecalfcowbullpodcetacean
Equidaehorsecolt (male), filly (female), foaljenny (asses), mare (other equids)jack (asses), stallion (other equids), gelding (castrated horse)herdequine
Felidaecatkitten (non-big cats, such as Felis, Lynx, Puma,[8] etc.), cub (big cats, Panthera, and also Puma)queentom, kingclowder (small cats), pride (big cats)feline
Suidaepigpigletsowboardrift or droveporcine
ProcyonidaeRaccoon family of Carnivoranscub, kitsowboargaze, smack, committeeprocyonine, nasuine, others
ViverridaeCivet family of Carnivoranscub, kitsowboargaze, smack, committeeviverrine
MustelidaeFerret family of Carnivorans (large: badgers & wolverines; small: weasels & ferrets)kitsow (large) or jill (small)boar (large) or hob,[9] jack (small)colony (large) or business (small)musteline
Leporidaerabbits & haresnestlingjilljacknest or bandleporine
Osteichthyesbony fishhatchling, fry, fingerlingschool, shoalpiscine, ichthyic

Terms by species or taxon

AnimalYoungFemaleMaleCollective nounCollateral adjectiveCulinary noun for meat
A
Aardvarkcubsowboarorycteropodian
Albatrosschickflock[10]
gam (when searching for mates)[11]
rookery[12]
diomedeid
Alligatorhatchlingcowbullcongregation[13]eusuchian
Alpaca[14]criahembramachoherdcamelid
Antlarva
pupa
queen (fertile)
soldier
worker
dronearmy[15]
bike[15]
colony[15][16]
nest[13]
swarm[15]
formic
myrmicine
Anteaterpupsowboarvermilinguan
Antelopecalf[17]doebuckcluster[15][18]
herd[15][18]
tribe[15][18]
alcelaphine
antilopine
bubaline
Apebaby
child
infant
band
family
group
shrewdness[2][13][18][19]
troop, group[13][15][18]
simian
Armadillobaby
pup
sowboarprotection[2]cingulatan
Ass/donkeyfoaljennyjackcoffle[15][18]
drove[13][15][18]
herd[15]
pace[15][16][18]
asinine
B
Babooninfantbabuina[20]flange[21][lower-alpha 1]
troop, group[2][13][21]
Badgercub
kit
sowboarcete[2][13][16][21]
colony[21]
musteline
Barracudahatchling, fry, fingerlingschool[22]percesocine
Batpupcamp[23]
cloud[21][24]
colony[16][21]
flock[25]
noctillionine
pteropine
Bear (list)cub[26]she-bear
sow
boarsleuth[13][16][21]
sloth[13][16][21]
ursine
Beaverkit
kitten
pup
buckcolony[13][21]
family[13]
castoridine
Beelarva
pupa
queen
worker[lower-alpha 2]
dronecast (a second swarm)[21]
cluster (of workers around the queen)[21]
colony[21]
drift[2][21]
erst[2][21]
grist[13][21]
hive[2][13][21]
nest[13]
rabble[21]
stand[21]
swarm[2][13][21]
apian
apiarian
apic
Beetlelarva
grub (wormlike forms)[3][4]
mealworm (darkling beetles)[3][4]
pupa
swarm[3]coleopterous
Binturongbinletpotosine
Bird (list)
Also see Aves
chickhencockflight[2]
flock[2]
pod[2]
avian
Boar/wild pig
Also see Pig
farrow
piglet
shoat/shote (just weaned)
sowboar
hog
herd[21][27]
singular[13][27]
sounder (groups of 12 or more)[13][27]
Bobcatbobkittenfeline
Budgerigarchickflockpsittacine
Buffalocalfbubaline
Bull
See Cattle
Butterflycaterpillar
chrysalis
larva
pupa
flight[21]
flutter[13][28]
kaleidoscope[29]
rabble[21]
swarm[30]
rhopaloceran
C
Camelcalfcowbullcaravan[13]
flock[13]
herd
train[13]
camelid
cameline
Capybarapup
Cat (list)kit
kitten
molly
pussy
queen
gib (castrated male)[31]
king
tom
clowder[2][13]
cluster[13]
clutter[32]
glaring[2][13]
kindle (kittens)[33]
litter (kittens)
pillow (kittens)
pounce[13]
nuisance[34]
feline
Cattle[lower-alpha 3] (list)calf[35]cow[36]
heifer
freemartin
bull
bullock
ox
steer
drove[13]
gang[13][16][21]
herd[13][16][21]
obstinancy[13][16][21]
team (oxen)
troop[13]
yoke (oxen)
bovine[lower-alpha 4]
taurine (male)
vaccine (female)
vituline (young)
beef
veal
Chamoiscalfdoebullherdrupicaprine
Cheetahcubshe-cheetahcheetahcoalition (male)[37]feline
Chicken (list)chickhen
pullet
capon (castrated male)
cock
cockerel
rooster
brood[13]
clutch (eggs)
flock
peep (chicks)[13]
gallinepoultry
Chimpanzeeinfantempressemperor
blackback
troop, group
tribe
panine
Chinchillakitsow
velvet
boar
bull
colonychinchilline
Choughchickchattering[2][19][38]
clattering[2][19][39]
corvine
Coatikit
pup
sowboartroopnasuine
Cobraquiver[40]elapid
Cockroachnymphintrusion[40]blattid
Codcodlingschoolgadine
gadoid
Cormorantchick
shaglet
flight
gulp[13][16][40]
Cow
See Cattle
Crabzoeahen
jenny
cock
jimmy
cancrine
Cranechick
colt[41]
herd[42][43][44]
sedge[16]
sege[45]
siege[46]
alectorine
Cricketnymph
Crocodilehatchlingcowbullbask[13]
congregation
float[13]
menace
crocodilian
Crowmurder[2][13]corvine
Curlewherd[2][19]
D
Deercalf[17]
fawn
doe
hind
cow
buck
bull[17]
hart (red deer)
stag
bunch[47]
herd[47]
mob[47]
rangale[47]
cervine
elaphine
humble (organ meat)
venison
Dinosaur (list)calf (Ornithischia and Sauropodomorpha)
chick (Theropoda)
hatchling
juvenile
cow (Ornithischia and Sauropodomorpha)
hen (Theropoda)
bull (Ornithischia and Sauropodomorpha)
cock (Theropoda)
herd (herbivores)
pack (carnivores)
dinosaurian
Dog (list)pup[7]
puppy
whelp[48]
bitchdog
sire
stud
comedy (boxers)[49][50]
cowardice (curs)[16][51]
cry (hounds)[52]
kennel[47]
litter (young)[53]
mute[16]
pack (wild)[16][47]
canine
Dogfish
Also see Shark
troop[47]selachian
squaloid
capeshark (US)
flake (UK, Australia)
huss (UK)
kahada (Canada)[54]
rigg (UK)
rock salmon (UK)
spiny dogfish
Dolphincalfcowbullherd
pod[55][56]
school[47]
team[47]
delphine
Donkey (list)
See Ass
Dovechickhencockarc[13]
cote
dole[2][47]
dule[13][47]
flight[2][13][47]
piteousness[2][47]
pitying[13]
columbine
Dragonflynymphqueendrake
king
cluster
flight
anisopteran
Duck (list)
Also see Mallard
ducklingduck
hen
cock
drake
badling (on land)[16]
brace (on land)[16]
bunch (on water)[2][47]
flock (on land)
herd (on land)
paddling (on water)[2][47]
raft (on water)[2][47]
safe (on land)[2]
skein (in flight)[47]
sord (on land)[47]
sore (on land)[47]
string (in flight)[47]
team (in flight)[16][47]
waddling (on land)[47]
anatine
fuliguline
poultry
Dugongcalfcowbullherddugongine
Dunlinchickfling[2]
E
Eagleeaglet
fledgling
convocation[13][16]aquiline
Echidnapuggle (in common use, but not scientifically endorsed)tachyglossine
Eelleptocephalus (larva)
elver (juvenile)
bed[13]
swarm[13]
anguilline
Elephantcalf[35]cow[36]bull[57]herd
memory[13]
parade[23]
elephantine
proboscidean
proboscine
Elephant sealpupcowbullmiroungan
Elk/wapiticalf[17]cow[17]bull[17]gang[13]
herd[13]
cervinevenison
Emuchick
hatchling
mob[13]
F
Falconeyass/eyasfalcontercel
terzel
tiercel
cast[23]acciptrine
Ferretkitjillhobbusiness[13][16]
busyness[19]
musteline
Finchchickhencockcharm[16]fringilline
Fish (list)fingerling
fry
school[3]piscine
Flamingochickflamboyance[58]
stand[23]
phoenicopterine
Flymaggotbusiness[13]
cloud[13]
swarm[13]
dipterous
Foxcub[26]
kit
pup[7]
vixendog
reynard
tod
leash[13][16]
skulk[13][16]
earth[16]
vulpine
Frogfroglet
polliwog
tadpole
army[16]ranine
G
Gazellecalf[17]cow[17]bull[17]herdgazelline
Geckohatchlingdam (herpetoculture)sire (herpetoculture)
Gerbilpupdoebuckhordegerbilline
Giant pandacubsowboarembarrassment [59]
sleuth[60]
ailuropodine
Giraffecalfcowbullcorps[61]
herd
tower[61][62]
giraffine
Gnatlarvacloud[13][16][61]
horde[13][16][61]
rabble[61]
swarm[13][61]
Gnucalfcowbullherd
implausibility[63]
Goat (list)kiddoe
doeling
nanny
billy
buck
buckling
wether (castrated)
herd
flock[61]
tribe[61]
trip[61]
trippe[61]
caprinecabrito
chevon
mutton
Goldfinchcharm[61]cardueline
Goosanderdopping[61]
Goosegoslinggooseganderchevron (in flight)
flock (on land)
gaggle (on land)[16][61]
plump (on land)[61]
skein (in flight)[2][16][61]
team (in flight)[2][61]
wedge (in flight)[2][61]
anatine
anserine
poultry
Gorillainfantblackback
silverback
band[13][16][61]
troop, group[13]
whoop[61]
simian
Goshawkflight[19][61]
Grasshoppernymphcloud[61]
swarm[61]
caeliferian
Grousecovey[61]
pack[61]
tetraonine
Guanacochulengo[64]herdcamelid
Guinea fowlkeethencockflock[65]
rasp[66]
numidinepoultry
Guinea pigpupsowboarherdcuy
Gullchickhencockcolony
flock
larine
H
Hamsterpupdoebuckhordecricetid
Hareleveretdoe
jill
buck
jack
band
down[67]
drove[67]
flick[67]
husk[67]
leporine
Hawkeyashentiercelaerie[68][lower-alpha 5]
boil (soaring in large groups)[16][68]
cast[68][lower-alpha 6]
cauldron (soaring in large groups)[68]
flight[68][lower-alpha 7]
flock[68]
kettle (soaring in large groups)[13][68]
leash[68][lower-alpha 8]
staff[68][lower-alpha 9]
accipitrine
Hedgehoghoglet
piglet
pup
sowboararray[67]erinaceine
Hermit crabzoeapaguroid
Heronchickhencockflight[67]
sedge[13][16][67]
sege[45][67]
siege[13][16][46][67]
ardeidine
Herringarmy[16][67]
glean[67]
shoal[67]
clupeidean
Hippopotamuscalfcowbullbloat[13][16][67]
herd[67]
sea[13][16][67]
thunder[40]
hippopotamine
Hornetlarva
pupa
queendronebike[67]
nest[16]
swarm
vespine
Horse (list)colt (male)
filly (female)
foal
weanling
yearling
dam
mare
gelding (castrated male)
ridgling
stallion (not castrated)
stud
band (wild horses)[13]
field (racehorses)
harras[16]
herd (wild horses)[13]
rag (colts)[16]
stable[13]
string (ponies)[16]
stud[16]
team (work horses)[13][16]
caballine
equine
horseflesh
horsemeat
Humanbaby
boy (male)
child
girl (female)
infant
lady (colloquial)
woman
gentleman (colloquial)
man
band
clan
crowd
family
group
horde
tribe
human
simian
Hummingbirdchickhencocktrochilidine
trochiline
Hyenacubcackle[13][16]
clan
hyenine
I
Ibexkidnannybillyherd[69]caprine
Ibischickcolonyciconiiforme
Iguanahatchlingcowbull
Impalacalfeweramherd
J
Jaguarcubleap[70]
parade[23]
prowl[70]
Jaychickhencockband[13]
party[16]
scold[16]
corvine
Jellyfishephyra[71]
planula
polyp
bloom
brood[13]
fluther[2]
smack[2][16]
smuth[12]
scyphozoan
Junglefowl
(see chicken)
K
Kangaroojoeydoe
flyer
jill
roo
boomer
buck
jack
court
herd
mob[72]
troop[16]
macropodine
Kingbirdchickcourt
tyranny
coronation
Kinkajoukit
pup
sowboarconvergence
troop
potosine
Kitechickaccipitrine
Koalajoeydoebuckphascolarctine
Komodo dragoncalf
chick
hatchling
cow
hen
bull
cock
varanine
L
Ladybuglarvalovelinesscoleopterous
Lapwingchickdeceit[16][19]
desert[2]
vanelline
Larkchickhencockexaltation[2][19]alaudine
Lemurinfantconspiracy[73]lemurine
Leopardcubleopardessleopardleap[2][13][16]
lepe[2]
pardine
Lioncub[26]lionesslionpride[74][75][43]
sawt[43][76]
leonine
Lizardhatchling
Llamacriadam
hembra
macho
stud
flock
herd
camelid
Lobsterhen[3]cock[3]riskhomarine
Locust (list)nymphcloud
host
swarm
caelifera
Lorisinfantcolony[77]lorisine[78]
Lousenymphcolonypediculine
Lyrebirdchickhencockmusket[79]menurine
M
Mallard
Also see Duck
ducklinghengreenhead[80]sord[2]
suit[2]
anatinepoultry
Mammoth
(see elephant)
calfcowbullherd
pack
mammutine
Manateecalfcowbullherdmanatine
sirenian
Mandrillinfanthordesimian
Manta rayfryfeline
Mantisnymphswarmcaelifera
Meerkatmeerkittenherpestine
Minkcub
kit
sowboarmusteline
Molepupsowboarlabor[23]talpine
Mongoosepupcommittee
delegation
troop
herpestine
Monkeyinfantgroup, troop[2]simian
Moosecalf[17]cow[17]bull[17][57]herdcervinevenison
Mosquitonymph
tumbler
wriggled
cloud
scourge
swarm
aedine
anopheline
Mousecrawler (as pet feed)
fuzzy (as pet feed)
hopper (as pet feed)
pinky (as pet feed)
pup
doebuckcolony
nest
murine
N
Narwhalcalf[81]cow[81]bull[81]pod[81]
herd[81]
school[81]
gam[81]
grind[81]
cetacean[82]
cetaceous[82]
Newteft[83]pleurodeline
Nightingalechickhencockwatch[42][43][44]philomelian
O
Octopusfry hen[84]consortium[85]octopodine
Okapicalfcowbullherdokapine
Opossumjoeyjilljackpassel[86]didelphine
Ostrichchick
hatchling
hencockflock
troop
ratite
struthious
Otterpup
whelp
sowboarfamily[23]
romp
lutrine
musteline
Ox
See Cattle
Owlfledgling
owlet
parliament[13]strigine
Oysterspatbed[13]ostracine
P
Panthercubpantheresspantherpantherine
Parrotchickhencockflockpsittacine
Panda
See Giant panda
Partridgechickchantelle
hen
cockcovey
roost
perdicine
Peafowlchick
peachick
peahenpeacockostentationpavoninepoultry
Pelicanchick
nestling
pod[13]
scoop
pelecanine
Penguinchick
nestling
colony[87]
huddle[87]
raft (in water)[87]
rookery[87]
tuxedo[12]
waddle (on land)[87][88]
spheniscine
Pheasantchickhencockbouquet[13][16]
flock
nest[16]
nide[16]
nye[13][16]
phasianine
Pig (list)
Also see Boar
farrow
piglet
shoat/shote (just weaned)
gilt (not bred)[89]
sow (bred)
barrow (castrated)[90][91]
boar
hog
drift[13][16][92]
drove[13][16]
litter (piglets)
sounder (older pigs)[23]
team (older pigs)[23]
porcine
suilline
bacon
ham
pork
Pigeon (list)squab
squeaker
hencockflight[93]
flock
kit[93]
pullastrinesquab
Polar bearcubsowboaraurora[94]
celebration[94]
pack[94]
ursine
Pony
See Horse
Porcupinepupsowboarprickle[93]hystricine
Porpoisecalfcowbullpod
school
shoal
phocoenine
Prairie dogpupsowboartowncynomurine
Pugpupbitchdog
sire
stud
grumble[95]
Q
Quailchickhencockbevy[74][75][42][43][44]galliformine
R
Rabbit (list)bunny
kit
kitten
nestling
doe
jill
buck
jack
yoyo
litter (young)
nest[75]
warren
wrack (young)
leporine
Raccooncub
kit
sowboarbrace
committee
gaze[74]
nursery
smack
troop
procyonine
Ram
Also see Sheep
lambeweramflockarietine
ovine
lamb
mutton
Rat (list)kitten
pup
doebuckcolony
horde
mischief[96][97]
murine
Ravenchickhencockconspiracy
unkindness[42][43][98]
corvid
corvine
Red deercalfhindhart
stag
herdvenison
Red pandacubsowboarpackailurid
Rhinoceroscalfcowbullcrash[99]
herd
ceratorhine
Rookbuilding[2]
parliament[2][100]
S
Salamanderlarvamaelstromcaudatan
salamandrine
Salmonparr[101]hen
jen
cock
jack
salmonine
Sand dollarjuvenile (young urchin)
larva pluteus (free-swimming stage)
clypeasteroid
Sandpiperfling[102]scolopacine
Sardinefamily [102]
Sea lionpupcowbullotarine
Seahorseseafoalseamareseastallionshoalhippocampal
Sealpup[7]cowbullherd[102]
pod[102]
rookery[102]
phoca
Sea otterpupraftlutrine
Sharkcub[26]
pup[103]
bullshiver [59]selachian
squaloid
flake (AUS)
Sheep (list)
Also see Ram
cosset
lamb
lambkin
dam
ewe
buck
ram
wether (castrated)
flock[74][75]
fold[104]
herd
ovinehogget
lamb
mutton
Shrewshrewletsowboarcolony
drove
soricine
Skinkskinkletscincine
Skippercaterpillarhesperiine
Skunkkitsowboar[3]surfeitmephitine
Slothbaby
kitten
pup
sowboarxenarthran (broader group)
Snailescargatoire[102][105]
rout[102][106]
walk[102]
gastropodianescargot
Snake (list)hatchling (newly hatched)
neonate (newborn)
snakelet
ball
nest[75]
slither
anguine
elapine
ophidian
serpentine
viperine
Spider (list)spiderlingcluster[102]
clutter[102]
arachnine
arachnoid
Spoonbillchickbowlciconiiforme
Squidparalarvashoalteuthidane
Squirrelkit
kitten
pup
doebuckscurry[40]sciurine
Starfishbipinnaria
brachiolaria
asteroid/galaxy[107]
Starlingchattering[13][38]
murmuration[2][13][16][19]
sturnine
Stiltchickrecurvirostrid
Stingraypupfever[108]squaloid
Swancygnet
flapper
pencobbevy[23]
flock
game[23]
lamentation
wedge (in flight)[23]
cygnine
T
Tapircalfcowbullherdtapirine
Tarsiertarsiine
Termitelarvacolony
nest
swarm
isopteran
Thrushchickturdine
Tigercub[26]
whelp
tigresstigerambush[13]
streak[40]
tigrine
Toadtadpole
toadlet
knot[13][16]batrachian
ranine
Toucanchickduranteramphasto
Turkey (list)poulthengobbler
jake (immature)
stag
tom
rafter[109][110]poultry
Turtlehatchling
turtlet
bale[111]chelonian
V
Viperhatchlingviperine
W
Wallabyjoeyjilljackmob
Walruscalfcowbullherd[75]
pod[75]
odobenine
Wasplarvaqueen
worker
dronecolony
hive
nest
swarm
vespine
Weaselkit
pup
bitch
doe
jill
buck
dog
hub
jack
gang[18]
sneak[18]
musteline
Whalecalf[35]cow[36]bullgam[23]
pod[74][75]
school
cetacean
cetaceous
blubber
Wildebeestcalf[35]cow[36]bullconfusion
Wolfcub
pup[7]
puppy
whelp
bitch
she-wolf
dogpack[74][75]canine
lupine
Wolverinekit
whelp
angelinewolverinepackmusteline
Wombatjoeyjilljackwisdom[112]
Z
Zebracolt (male)
filly (female)
foal
marestallioncohort[113]
dazzle[114]
herd[13][113]
zeal[13][113]
hippotigrine
zebrine

Usage of collective nouns

Merriam-Webster writes that most terms of venery fell out of use in the 16th century, including a "murder" for crows. It goes on to say that some of the terms in The Book of Saint Albans were "rather fanciful", explaining that the book extended collective nouns to people of specific professions, such as a "poverty" of pipers. It concludes that for lexicographers, many of these do not satisfy criteria for entry by being "used consistently in running prose" without meriting explanation. Some terms that were listed as commonly used were "herd", "flock", "school", and "swarm".[115]

Writing for Audubon, Nicholas Lund says that many such terms are not used in actuality. When he interviewed scientists who specialize in studying specific animals, they had not heard of these terms, such as a "bask" of crocodiles or "wisdom" of wombats, being applied in their fields. Lund noted that the common plural nouns for animals were "flock" for birds and "herd" for cows, conceding that for certain animals in small groups, there was currency in usage such as a "pod" of whales or "gaggle" of geese.[116]

See also

Notes

  1. The term flange was originally used to denote a group of baboons in a Not the Nine O'Clock News comedy sketch entitled "Gerald the Intelligent Gorilla" where it was used for comic effect. It has since been used in the scientific literature for a collection of baboons.
  2. A worker bee is a sexually undeveloped female.
  3. Castrated male cattle are steers in the United States or bullocks in the United Kingdom. Oxen are draft animals that are (if male) usually castrated but not necessarily. A young cow that has not given birth is a heifer. See Cattle for more names. Cows is often used informally to refer to cattle in general.
  4. Bovine refers to all species of genus Bos.
  5. The term aerie is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Aerie also refers to hawks and other birds of prey nesting high on a mountain top.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  6. The term cast is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only two "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  7. The term flight is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only "hawks of the wrist" to include goshawks and sparrowhawks.[68] Hawks of the wrist are true hawks in the genus Accipiter.
  8. The term leash is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.
  9. The term staff is a classic 15th-century term of venery that refers to only three "hawks of the tower" but, in modern usage, does not necessarily have the same numerical constraint.[68] Confusingly, hawks of the tower are technically falcons and not hawks.

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