Buddhist Waisak ceremony at Borobudur temple, Central Java

The following table indicates declared Indonesian government national holidays. Cultural variants also provide opportunity for holidays tied to local events. Beside official holidays, there are the so-called "libur bersama" or "cuti bersama", or joint leave(s) declared nationwide by the government. In total there are 16 public holidays every year.

List of national public holidays

Date English name Local name Remarks
1 January New Year's Day Tahun Baru Masehi New Year of [Gregorian calendar]
January/February Lunar New Year (specifically the Chinese New Year) Tahun Baru Imlek National public holiday since 2003.
March Day of Silence Hari Suci Nyepi National public holiday since 1983
Tahun Baru Saka
March/April Good Friday Wafat Yesus Kristus/Isa Al Masih The Friday before Easter Sunday (the first Sunday after the first Paschal Full Moon following the vernal equinox)
1 May Labour Day Hari Buruh Internasional National public holiday between 1953 and 1968 and reinforced since 2014.
May/June Ascension Day Kenaikan Yesus Kristus/Isa Al Masih Commemorates the Christian Belief of the bodily Ascension of Jesus into the heaven.
April/May Buddha's Birthday Hari Raya Waisak National public holiday since 1983.
1 June Pancasila Day Hari Lahir Pancasila National public holiday since 2017 marks the date of Sukarno's 1945 address on Pancasila upon the members of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence
17 August Independence Day Hari Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia Anniversary of the proclamation of independence read by Sukarno in 1945
25 December Christmas Day Hari Raya Natal Birth of Jesus Christ
1st Muharram Islamic New Year Tahun Baru Islam 1st day of the Muharram, the beginning of the New Islamic Year
12th Rabi' al-awwal The Prophet's Birthday Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW Birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (Date varies according to the Islamic calendar)
27th Rajab The Prophet's Ascension Isra Mikraj Nabi Muhammad SAW Date varies according to the Islamic calendar
1st and 2nd Shawwal Eid al-Fitr Hari Raya Idul Fitri Date varies according to the Islamic calendar
Lebaran Mudik
10th Dhu al-Hijjah Eid al-Adha Hari Raya Idul Adha Date varies according to the Islamic calendar
Lebaran Haji

Other observances

In addition to the official holidays, many religious, historical, and other traditional holidays populate the calendar, as well as observances proclaimed by officials and lighter celebrations. These are often observed by businesses and schools as holidays.

Date (Gregorian calendar)English nameLocal nameYear establishedRemarks
Dates varyGalungan and KuninganGalungan dan Kuningan
Dates varyDiwaliHari Raya Diwali
3 JanuaryMinistry of Religious Affairs Day[1]Hari Kementerian Agama Republik IndonesiaThe founding of the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs in 1946, during the First Sjahrir Cabinet
15 JanuaryOcean Duty Day / Day of the Sea and Ocean Event[1]Hari Dharma Samudera / Hari Peristiwa Laut dan SamuderaCommemorate the services and sacrifices of those who died in various battles at sea. The day is the date of the Battle of Arafura Sea in 1962.
25 JanuaryFood and Nutrition Day / National Nutrition Day[1]Hari Gizi dan Makanan / Hari Gizi NasionalThe day of the founding of dietetic school Sekolah Djuru Penerang Makanan on 25 January 1951 by Poorwo Soedarmo.[1]
30 JanuaryIndonesian Primate DayHari Primata Indonesia2014[2]
February/MarchLantern FestivalCap Go MehEnding of 15th days celebration of Chinese New Year
9 FebruaryNational Press Day / Anniversary of the Indonesian Journalists AssociationHari Pers Nasional (HPN) / Hari Ulang Tahun Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia1985The 1946 founding of the Indonesian Journalists Association (PWI)[3]
21 FebruaryNational Waste Awareness DayHari Peduli Sampah Nasional2006In remembrance of the 2005 Leuwigajah landfill disaster which killed 157 people.[4]
1 MarchState Sovereignty Enforcement DayHari Penegakan Kedaulatan Negara2022Commemoration of the 1949 General Offensive in Yogyakarta.[5][6]
8 MarchInternational Women's DayHari Perempuan InternasionalInternational observance.
9 MarchNational Music DayHari Musik Nasional2013Birthday of Wage Rudolf Supratman, author of the Indonesian national anthem.[7]
30 MarchNational Film DayHari Film Nasional1999First shooting day of Darah dan Doa, the first "national film".[8]
1 AprilNational Broadcasting DayHari Penyiaran Nasional2019Commemorates the 1933 establishment of the first radio station owned by native Indonesians, Solosche Radio Vereeniging (SRV).[9]
6 AprilNational Fisherman Day[1]Hari Nelayan Nasional
9 AprilAir Force DayHari Jadi TNI Angkatan Udara1950Honors the active and reserve serving men and women and veterans of the Indonesian Air Force
20 AprilNational Consumer DayHari Konsumen Nasional2012[10]
21 AprilKartini DayHari Kartini"Women Emancipation Day". The birthday of Kartini, an Indonesian women's rights activist.
22 AprilEarth DayHari BumiInternational observance.
25 AprilRegional Autonomy DayHari Otonomi Daerah1996[11]
28 AprilNational Poetry Day / National Literature DayHari Puisi NasionalThe anniversary of the death of one of Indonesia's leading poet legends, Chairil Anwar.[12]
30 AprilNational Information Openness DayHari Keterbukaan Informasi Nasional2015Commemorates the promulgation of the Public Information Openness Act of 2008 (Undang-Undang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik 2008, formal name: Act No. 14 of 2008 on Public Information Openness [Undang-Undang No. 14 Tahun 2008 Tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik]).[13]
2 MayNational Education DayHari Pendidikan Nasional1959Birthday of Ki Hajar Dewantara, founder of Taman Siswa and first Minister of Education during the Presidential Cabinet
11 MayDay of the Military Police of the Indonesian National Armed ForcesHari POM TNI[1]
17 MayNational Book DayHari Buku Nasional2002[14]
20 MayNational Awakening DayHari Kebangkitan Nasional1985Commemorates the 1908 formation of the first nationalist group, Budi Utomo. Since 2008 it was observed by the Indonesian Doctors' Union as Indonesian Doctors' Service Day (Hari Bakti Dokter Indonesia) as Budi Utomo's founding members are STOVIA students.
29 MayNational Elderly DayHari Lanjut Usia Nasional1996The date of the opening day of the first plenary meeting of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK) which was led by Rajiman Wediodiningrat who was 66 at the time of the event in 1945.[15]
21 JuneAgricultural Activity DayHari Krida Pertanian1972[16]
24 JuneNational Midwife DayHari Bidan Nasional1951[17]
26 JuneInternational Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit TraffickingHari Anti Narkoba Internasional (lit. "International Anti-Drug Day")International observance.
29 JuneNational Family DayHari Keluarga Nasional (Harganas)2014[18][19]
1 JulyBhayangkara DayHari BhayangkaraThe 1946 founding of the Indonesian National Police.
5 JulyBank Indonesia DayHari Bank Indonesia[20]
14 JulyTax DayHari Pajak2017[21]
22 JulyAttorney DayHari Kejaksaan / Hari Bhakti Adhyaksa1961The establishment of the Indonesian Attorney as a stand-alone institution in 1960, previously a non-departmental institutions under the Department of Justice.[22]
23 JulyNational Children's DayHari Anak Nasional1984[23][1]
24 JulyKebaya DayHari Kebaya Nasional2023[24]
6 AugustNational Space DayHari Keantariksaan Nasional2013Commemorates the promulgation of the Space Act of 2013 (Undang-Undang Keantariksaan 2013, formal name: Act No. 21 of 2013 on Space [Undang-Undang No. 21 Tahun 2013 Tentang Keantariksaan])
10 AugustNational Veterans DayHari Veteran Nasional2014[25]
National Technology Uprising Day Hari Kebangkitan Teknologi Nasional 1995 Commemorates the maiden flight of the IPTN N-250
14 August Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia Day Hari Pramuka 1961 Commemorates the public inauguration of the Indonesian Scout Movement on 14 August 1961, marked by the handover of the Indonesian scout standard by Presidential Decree. The movement has been established earlier on 20 May in the same year.
18 August Constitution Day Hari Konstitusi Republik Indonesia 2008 [26]
24 August Television Day / Anniversary of TVRI Hari Televisi / Hari Ulang Tahun Televisi Republik Indonesia 1962 The day of the opening ceremony of the 1962 Asian Games, the very first programme officially broadcast for the general public by TVRI. Also TVRI's anniversary.
4 SeptemberNational Customer DayHari Pelanggan Nasional2003[27]
9 September National Sports Day Hari Olahraga Nasional 1983 Commemorates the opening day of the first National Sports Week in Surakarta in 1948,[28] initially devised as an alternative to the then-newborn state's ineligibility to participate in the 1948 Summer Olympics.
11 September National Radio Day / Anniversary of RRI Hari Radio Nasional / Hari Ulang Tahun Radio Republik Indonesia 1945 Commemorates the takeover of Japanese-military operated radio stations by Indonesians on 1945. Also RRI's anniversary.
17 September Red Cross Day Hari Palang Merah 1945 Commemorates the establishment of the Indonesian Red Cross Society on 17 September 1945, marked by the formation of the Executive Board with its first chairman, Mohammad Hatta.
National Transport Day Hari Perhubungan Nasional 1971 Designated by the then Minister of Transportation to simplify national transport days as well as due to the reason that state-owned transport companies (like Perum DAMRI and Kereta Api Indonesia) have nearby anniversaries.[29]
23 September / 21 AugustNational Maritime DayHari Maritim Nasional1964The proposal of 21 August as National Maritime Day (the day when the Indonesian independence fighter attacked the Japanese military storage in Pulau Nyamukan (Djamuan Riff), near Surabaya, on 21 August 1945) was disputed by the Association of Indonesian Marine Youth (APMI) because at that time the Indonesian Navy has not been formed. BKR Laut, the predecessor of the Indonesian Navy, was formed later on 10 September 1945. The 23 September date refers to the first (and last) Musyawarah Maritim in 1963, and actually has been established as National Maritime Day in 1964 during the tenure of Sukarno as the president of Indonesia but was overlooked by the recent government.[30][31]
24 September National Agrarian and Spatial Planning Day/National Peasants' Day Hari Agraria dan Tata Ruang Nasional/Hari Tani Nasional 1963 (for the National Peasants' Day) Commemorates the promulgation of the Agrarian Basics Act of 1960 (Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria 1960, formal name: Act No. 5 of 1960 on Basic Law on Agrarian Affairs [Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1960 Tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria])
26 September National Statistics Day Hari Statistik Nasional Commemorated to increase public awareness of the importance of statistics, increase public participation in statistics and encouraging statistical players to continue to carry out statistical activities in accordance with applicable rules.[32]
27 September Post and Telecommunications' Service Day Hari Bakti Pos dan Telekomunikasi Commemorates the 1945 takeover of Japanese military-controlled post, telegraph and telephone systems of Java by the Indonesian revolutionary youth. However, Telkom Indonesia and Pos Indonesia do not commemorate this day anymore as their anniversaries; instead they observed their anniversaries at 6 July (to commemorate the separation of post and telecommunications public corporations in 1965) and 26 August (the opening of the first post office in Batavia by the then Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Gustaaf Willem van Imhoff, in 1746) respectively
28 September Railway Day / Anniversary of PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Hari Kereta Api / Hari Ulang Tahun PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Commemorates the 1945 takeover of Japanese military-controlled railway systems of Java by the Indonesian Railway Youth (Angkatan Moeda Kereta Api (AMKA, literally "Railway Youth Forces"))
1 OctoberNational Day of Pancasila Sanctity and 30 September Movement Memorial DayHari Kesaktian Pancasila1967Mourning day for the events of 30 September Movement of 1965. The song Gugur Bunga is usually sung in this day
2 OctoberBatik DayHari Batik Nasional2009The international designation of the Indonesian batik as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2009.[33]
5 OctoberIndonesian National Armed Forces DayHari Tentara Nasional IndonesiaThe 1945 founding of Tentara Keamanan Rakyat ("People's Security Forces"), the predecessor of the TNI.
12 OctoberNational Museum DayHari Museum Nasional2015[34]
22 OctoberNational Santri DayHari Santri Nasional2015The 1945 date of the Jihad Declaration by Nahdlatul Ulama that the fight against the Dutch colonial forces was a jihad (holy war) - a general obligation for all Muslims just two months following the declaration of the independence of Indonesia.[35] The declaration is the legal basis for the 1945 Battle of Surabaya in which many fighters are students of Islamic boarding schools (pesantren)
24 OctoberNational Doctors DayHari Dokter Nasional1950[36]
27 OctoberNational Electricity Day / Anniversary of PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)Hari Listrik Nasional (HLN) / Hari Ulang Tahun PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)[37]
28 OctoberYouth Pledge DayHari Sumpah Pemuda1967Commemoration of the 1928 Youth Pledge
30 OctoberIndonesian Finance DayHari Oeang, Hari Keuangan Republik IndonesiaThe printing of the first Oeang Republik Indonesia, the first 'Indonesian rupiah' bank note, in 1946.[38]
8 NovemberNational Spatial Planning DayHari Tata Ruang Nasional2013[39][40]
10 NovemberHeroes' DayHari PahlawanCommemoration of the 1945 Battle of Surabaya
12 NovemberFather's DayHari AyahEstablished in 2006 following a suggestion by a group of women in Solo.[41]
12 NovemberNational Health DayHari Kesehatan NasionalMarks the day when Sukarno officially begins the malaria eradication project by spraying DDT in the village of Kalasan, Special Region of Yogyakarta (1959).[42]
14 NovemberMobile Brigade Day[1]Hari Brigade MobilFounding of the Mobile Brigade Corps in 1946.
14 NovemberWorld Diabetes DayHari Diabetes SeduniaInternational observance.
15 NovemberIndonesian Marine Corps BirthdayHari Juang Korps Marinir1951Honors the active and reserve serving men and women and veterans of the Indonesian Marine Corps
22 NovemberNational Fishery DayHari Ikan Nasional2014[43]
25 November Teachers' Day / Anniversary of the Teachers' Union of the Republic of Indonesia Hari Guru / Hari Ulang Tahun Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia (PGRI) Commemorates the Indonesian Teachers' Congress of 24–25 November 1945 in Solo, which established the Teachers' Union of the Republic of Indonesia
29 November Anniversary of the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia Hari Ulang Tahun Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia (KORPRI) Commemorates the establishment of the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Korps Pegawai Republik Indonesia (KORPRI), also known as the Indonesian Civil Servants Corps) in 1971, originally as the only association for civil servants, state- and regional government-owned enterprises and banks, heads of regional government, and all members of the Indonesian National Armed Forces running for government to ensure their loyalty to the New Order. KORPRI, not legally a trade union, remains the only organisation for all civil servants and heads of regional government (state- and regional-government-owned enterprises and banks now have their own trade unions.)
13 DecemberNusantara DayHari Nusantara2001The recognition of the boundary of the Indonesian archipelago, started with the announcement of the Deklarasi Djoeanda on 13 December 1957, which eventually leads to the recognition of the principles of the Nusantara in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.[44]
15 DecemberIndonesian Army DayHari Juang KartikaHonors the active and reserve serving men and women and veterans of the Indonesian Army, marked on the anniversary of the victory in the Battle of Ambarawa (1945).
22 DecemberMother's DayHari Ibu1959Commemorate the anniversary of the Indonesian Women's Congress in 1928.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Hari-Hari Penting di Indonesia" [Important observances in Indonesia]. Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia. 3 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  2. ↑ Nur Rohmi Aida (30 January 2023). Sari Hardiyanto (ed.). "Sejarah Hari Primata Indonesia yang Diperingati Setiap 30 Januari". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 5 of 1985 (Keppres Nomor 5 Tahun 1985)
  4. ↑ Abdul Haris Maulana, ed. (21 February 2023). "Sejarah Ditetapkannya Hari Peduli Sampah Nasional, Berawal dari Peristiwa Mencekam". megapolitan.kompas.com (in Indonesian). Kompas Cyber Media. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  5. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 2 of 2022 (Keppres Nomor 2 Tahun 2022)
  6. ↑ "Presiden Jokowi Tetapkan 1 Maret Sebagai Hari Penegakan Kedaulatan Negara". Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia (in Indonesian). 27 February 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  7. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 10 of 2013 (Keppres Nomor 10 Tahun 2013)
  8. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 25 of 1999 (Keppres Nomor 25 Tahun 1999)
  9. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 9 of 2019 (Keppres Nomor 9 Tahun 2019)
  10. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 13 of 2012 (Keppres Nomor 13 Tahun 2012)
  11. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 11 of 1996 (Keppres Nomor 11 Tahun 1996)
  12. ↑ "Hari Puisi Nasional: Mengenang Wafatnya Legenda Penyair Chairil Anwar" [National Poetry Day: Commemorating the Death of the Legend of the Poet Chairil Anwar]. Direktorat Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Ministry of Education and Culture. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  13. ↑ "Memperingati Hari Keterbukaan Informasi Nasional". SIPPN - CARIYANLIK. Ministry of State Apparatus Utilization and Bureaucratic Reform. 30 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  14. ↑ "Merayakan Hari Buku Nasional" [Celebrating National Book Day]. Donasi Buku Kemdikbud. Ministry of Education and Culture. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  15. ↑ Ferry Agusta Satrio (29 May 2017). "29 Mei, Hari Lanjut Usia Nasional". Times Indonesia (in Indonesian). Times Indonesia. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "Arti dan Tujuan Hari Krida Pertanian Setiap Tanggal 21 Juni". Balai Penelitian Tanaman Jeruk dan Buah Subtropika, Puslitbanghorti – Balitbangtan. Ministry of Agriculture. 22 June 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  17. ↑ Yonada Nancy (24 June 2021). Yulaika Ramadhani (ed.). "Hari Bidan Nasional 24 Juni 2021 dan Sejarah Berdirinya IBI" (in Indonesian). Tirto.id. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  18. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 39 of 2014 (Keppres Nomor 39 Tahun 2014)
  19. ↑ 29 Juni Ditetapkan Sebagai Hari Keluarga Nasional Tapi Bukan Hari Libur
  20. ↑ Iswara N Raditya (4 July 2021). Addi M Idhom (ed.). "Hari Bidan Nasional 24 Juni 2021 dan Sejarah Berdirinya IBI" (in Indonesian). Tirto.id. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  21. ↑ Dipna Videlia Putsana (14 July 2021). Iswara N Raditya (ed.). "Hari Pajak Nasional 14 Juli 2021: Sejarah & Awal Mula Peringatan" (in Indonesian). Tirto.id. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  22. ↑ Redaksi Jaksa Menyapa (22 July 2017). "Inilah Sejarah Hari Lahir Kejaksaan RI" [Here is the History of the Birth of the General Attorney of the Republic of Indonesia]. jaksa Menyapa. Jaksa Menyapa. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  23. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 44 of 1984 (Keppres Nomor 44 Tahun 1984)
  24. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 19 of 2023 (Keppres Nomor 19 Tahun 2023)
  25. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 30 of 2014 (Keppres Nomor 30 Tahun 2014, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 Nomor 188, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 5573)
  26. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 18 of 2008 (Keppres No. 18 tahun 2008)
  27. ↑ "Tentang Hari Pelanggan Nasional". haripelanggan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  28. ↑ "Sejarah Penetapan Hari Olahraga Nasional Setiap 9 September". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). CNN Indonesia. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  29. ↑ Wahyuni Sahara (17 September 2021). "Sejarah Hari Perhubungan Nasional..." Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  30. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 249 of 1964 (Keppres Nomor 249 Tahun 1964)
  31. ↑ "APMI Gugat Pengusulan 21 Agustus sebagai Hari Maritim Nasional" [APMI Sues the Proposal of 21 August as National Maritime Day]. Maritime News (in Indonesian). Maritime News. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  32. ↑ "Selamat Hari Statistik Nasional 2020". Badan Pusat Statistik (in Indonesian). BPS. 26 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  33. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 33 of 2009 (Keppres Nomor 33 Tahun 2009)
  34. ↑ "Hari Museum Nasional 12 Oktober". Directorate General of Culture. Ministry of Education and Culture. 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  35. ↑ "Keppres No. 22 Tahun 2015". Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pembangunan Manusia dan Kebudayaan. 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  36. ↑ "Hari Dokter Nasional". Direktorat Promosi Kesehatan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Kementerian Kesehatan. Ministry of Health. 28 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  37. ↑ "HUT ke-70, Sejarah Hari Listrik Nasional". Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  38. ↑ kemenkeu.go.id: History of Indonesian Money Archived 9 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine accessed on 6 March 2015
  39. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 28 of 2013 (Keppres No. 28 tahun 2013)
  40. ↑ "8 November Ditetapkan Sebagai Hari Tata Ruang Nasional". Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (in Indonesian). 5 December 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  41. ↑ Nadya Isnaeni (12 November 2014). "Sejarah Lahirnya Hari Ayah Nasional (Story of the Origin of Father's Day)". Liputan 6 (in Indonesian). Liputan 6. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
  42. ↑ "Hari Kesehatan Nasional" [National Health Day]. Pusat Promosi Kesehatan - Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (in Indonesian). Direktorat Promosi Kesehatan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat. 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  43. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 3 of 2014 (Keppres Nomor 3 Tahun 2014)
  44. ↑ Presidential Decree No. 126 of 2001 (Keppres Nomor 126 Tahun 2001)

Cited works

  • Iwan Gayo (1991). Buku Pintar Seri Junior. Jakarta: Upaya Warga Negara. pp. 342–345.
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