Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan
زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان
Sheikh Zayed with King Faisal, 1974
1st President of the United Arab Emirates
In office
2 December 1971 – 2 November 2004
Prime MinisterMaktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum
Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Vice PresidentRashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum
Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Preceded byPost established
Succeeded byKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Emir of Abu Dhabi
Reign6 August 1966 – 2 November 2004
PredecessorShakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan
SuccessorKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Born(1918-05-06)6 May 1918[1]
Abu Dhabi,[note 1] Trucial States
Died2 November 2004(2004-11-02) (aged 86)
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Burial
Sheikh Zayed Mosque
Spouses
Issuesee list
Names
Zayed bin Sultan bin Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan
HouseAl Nahyan
FatherSultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan
MotherSalama bint Butti Al Qubaisi
ReligionSunni Islam

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan (Arabic: زايد بن سلطان آل نهيان, romanized: Zāyed bin Sulṭān Āl Nahyān; 6 May 1918 – 2 November 2004) was an Emirati royal, politician, philanthropist and the founder of the United Arab Emirates. Zayed served as the governor of Eastern Region from 1946 until he succeeded Sheikh Shakhbut as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in 1966, and then as the first president of the United Arab Emirates while he retained his position as Abu Dhabi's ruler from 1971 until his death in 2004.[2] [1][3] He is revered in the United Arab Emirates as the Waalid al-Ummah ("Father of the Nation"), credited for being the principal driving force behind uniting seven emirates.[4][5][6][7]

Zayed replaced his older brother Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi on 6 August 1966 after Shakhbut was deposed through a bloodless coup by members of the ruling family with British support.[8]

Family and early life

Zayed was the youngest of four sons of Sheikh Sultan bin Khalifa Al Nahyan.[2][3] His father was the ruler of Abu Dhabi from 1922 until his death in 1926. Zayed was the youngest of his four brothers.[2] His eldest brother, Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, became ruler of Abu Dhabi after their uncle, Saqr bin Zayed Al Nahyan. His mother was Sheikha Salama bint Butti.[9][10] She extracted a promise from her sons not to use violence against each other, a promise which they kept.[11] Sheikh Zayed was named after his grandfather, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ("Zayed the Great"), who ruled the emirate from 1855 to 1909.[12] At the time of Sheikh Zayed's birth, the sheikhdom of Abu Dhabi was one of seven Trucial States along the lower coast of the Persian Gulf.[13] He also showed interest in falconry.[14]

It is normally held that he was born at Qasr al-Hosn in Abu Dhabi, with some sources stating that he was born in Al Ain,[15][16] particularly at Sultan Bin Zayed Fort on the edge of Al Ain Oasis.[17] He is at least known to have moved from Abu Dhabi to Al Ain in 1927, after the death of his father.[1][18] As Zayed was growing up in Al-Ain, there were no modern schools anywhere along the coast. He only received a basic instruction in the principles of Islam, and lived in the desert with Bedouin tribesmen, familiarising himself with the life of the people, their traditional skills and their ability to survive under the harsh climatic conditions.[19]

Career and reign

Sheikh Zayed next to his son Sheikh Khalifa

Zayed was appointed the governor of the Eastern Region of Abu Dhabi in 1946,[12] and was based in the Muwaiji fort in Al Ain. At this time, the area was poor and prone to outbreaks of disease. When parties from Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) began exploring for oil in the area, Zayed assisted them.[20]

In 1952, a small Saudi Arabian force led by Turki bin Abdullah Al-Otaishan occupied the village of Hamasa in the Buraimi Oasis (the 'Buraimi Dispute'). Zayed was prominent in his opposition to Saudi territorial claims and reportedly rejected a bribe of about £30 million to allow Aramco to explore for oil in the disputed territory. As part of this dispute, Zayed and his brother Hazza attended the Buraimi arbitration tribunal in Geneva in September 1955 and gave evidence to tribunal members. When the tribunal was abandoned amid allegations of Saudi bribery, the British initiated the reoccupation of the Buraimi Oasis through a local military force, the Trucial Oman Levies. A period of stability followed during which Zayed helped to develop the region and took a particular interest in the restoration of the falaj system, a network of water channels which kept the plantations of the Buraimi Oasis irrigated and fertile.[20][21]

The discovery of oil in 1958, and the start of oil exports in 1962, led to frustration among members of the ruling family about the lack of progress under Sheikh Shakhbut's rule.[22] Shakhbut was seen as averse to spending revenue from oil money to develop the emirate by other members of Al Nahyan and hence they requested British help to install Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as the ruler of Abu Dhabi in his stead through a bloodless coup.[23] On 6 August 1966, Shakhbut was deposed in a bloodless palace coup.[24] The move to replace Shakhbut with Zayed had the unanimous backing of the Al Nahyan family.[25] The news was conveyed to Shakhbut by British Acting Resident Glen Balfour-Paul who added the support of the British to the consensus of the family. Shakhbut finally accepted the decision and, with the Trucial Oman Scouts providing safe transport, left for Bahrain.[21][26][25] He subsequently lived in Khorramshahr, Iran before returning to live in Buraimi.[25]

In the late 1960s, Zayed hired Katsuhiko Takahashi, a Japanese architect, to design and plan the city of Abu Dhabi.[27] Takahashi, working to instructions from Zayed, often marked out in sand with a camel stick,[28] was responsible for a number of key buildings, while also introducing wide roads, the construction of corniches and also greening the city.[29] Another architect, Egyptian Abdulrahman Makhlouf, also worked to render Zayed's instructions into city plans and infrastructural projects following Takahashi's departure.[30]

Between 8–11 January 1968, the UK's Foreign Office Minister Goronwy Roberts visited the Trucial States and announced to its shocked rulers that the United Kingdom would abrogate its treaties with them and intended to withdraw from the area.[31] In a seminal meeting on 18 February 1968 at a desert highland on the border between Dubai and Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum of Dubai shook hands on the principle of founding a Federation and attempting to invite other trucial rulers to join in order that a viable nation be formed in the wake of the British withdrawal.[32]

In 1971, after occasionally difficult negotiations with the other six rulers of the Trucial States, the United Arab Emirates was formed. Zayed was appointed to the presidency of the UAE in 1971 and was reappointed on four more occasions: 1976, 1981, 1986, and 1991.[33]

In 1974, Zayed settled the outstanding border dispute with Saudi Arabia by the Treaty of Jeddah by which Saudi Arabia received the output of the Shaybah oilfield and access to the lower Persian Gulf in return for recognising the UAE.[34]

In 1976 he founded the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority, which grew to be the world's third-largest sovereign investment fund by 2020,[35] with nearly a trillion US dollars' worth of assets under management.[36]

Attitudes

Sheikh Zayed salutes Tunisian crowd during his visit to Kairouan City in the mid-70s

Sheikh Zayed was determined to unite the Emirates into federation. His calls for cooperation extended across the Persian Gulf to Iran. He advocated dialogue as the means to settle the row with Tehran over three strategic Persian Gulf islands which Iran seized from the (future) UAE Emirate of Sharjah in 1971. The islands remain in Iranian hands, despite over three decades of UAE diplomatic initiatives.

The attitude of Zayed towards his neighbors can best be seen in his position regarding the "Umm al Zamul" dispute (1964), when he expressed a genuine wish that his brother Sheikh Shakhbut would accept "the Sultan's proposal for a neutral zone". He said in that regard: "... it was ridiculous to squabble over a [water] well so bitter that few bedouin could stomach its waters, or to split hairs over a tiny area of barren, almost totally unfrequented desert. And even if there happened to be oil in the area, Abu Dhabi had so much already that she could well afford to spare some for her less fortunate neighbours".[37]

Furthermore, during the negotiations between Abu Dhabi and Dubai that resulted in forming the Abu Dhabi — Dubai Union (which preceded the formation of the United Arab Emirates), Sheikh Zayed was extremely generous with the Sheikh Rashid of Dubai. Kemal Hamza, Sheikh Rashid's envoy to the meeting between Sheikh Zayed and Sheikh Rashid in Sumeih remarked that "Zayed was extremely 'karim' (generous) throughout the negotiations and seemed prepared to give Rashid whatever he wanted". This amounted to Zayed giving Rashid "oil rights in the sea-bed that might be worth milions a year" even at the risk of criticism "at home for giving so much..." It also gave rise to comments that such concessions constituted "an alienation of territory by Abu Dhabi". But the future course of events proved, none of these arguments stood the test of judgment in light of the much higher goal that Sheikh Zayed had in mind, and which in the ultimate analysis amply justified the sacrifices incurred by him. Such concessions are rare in the records of history and news of this generosity travelled far and wide.[37]

He was considered a relatively liberal ruler, and permitted private media. However, they were expected to practice self-censorship and avoid criticism of Zayed or the ruling families. Freedom of worship was permitted, and to a certain extent allowances were made for expatriate cultures, but this did not always sit comfortably in the eyes of the wider Arab world with Zayed's role as a Muslim head of state.[21]

Zayed did not shy away from controversy when it came to expressing his opinions on current events in the Arab world. Troubled by the suffering of Iraqi civilians, he took the lead in calling for the lifting of economic sanctions on Iraq imposed by the United Nations in the aftermath of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, despite Kuwaiti displeasure and opposition.[38]

Zayed was one of the wealthiest men in the world. A Forbes estimate put his fortune at around US$20 billion in 2004.[39] The source of this wealth was almost exclusively due to the immense oil wealth of Abu Dhabi and the Emirates, which sit on a pool of a tenth of the world's proven oil reserves. In 1988, he purchased, for £5m, Tittenhurst Park at Sunninghill, Berkshire as his English home.[40][41][42][43]

Policies and charity

At the time the British withdrew from the Persian Gulf in 1971, Zayed oversaw the establishment of the Abu Dhabi Fund for Arab Economic Development; some of its oil riches were channeled to some forty less fortunate Islamic nations in Asia and Africa during the decades that followed.[37]

Using the country's enormous oil revenues, Zayed built institutions such as hospitals, schools and universities and made it possible for UAE citizens to enjoy free access to them. He was also known for making donations to the tune of millions [pounds sterling] for worthy causes around the Arab World as well as in the neighbouring countries and in the world at large.[37]

When asked by The New York Times in April 1997 why there is no elected legislature, Zayed replied,

Why should we abandon a system that satisfies our people in order to introduce a system that seems to engender dissent and confrontation? Our system of government is based upon our religion and that is what our people want. Should they seek alternatives, we are ready to listen to them. We have always said that our people should voice their demands openly. We are all in the same boat, and they are both the captain and the crew. Our doors are open for any opinion to be expressed, and this well known by all our citizens. It is our deep conviction that Allah has created people free, and has prescribed that each individual must enjoy freedom of choice. No one should act as if they own others. Those in the position of leadership should deal with their subjects with compassion and understanding, because this is the duty enjoined upon them by Allah, who enjoins upon us to treat all living creatures with dignity. How can there be anything less for mankind, created as Allah's successors on earth? Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion and is based on Allah's Book, the Quran. What need have we of what others have conjured up? Its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete.[44]

Land was also often distributed gratis (free). However, while this policy benefited many landless families, enormously wealthy clans and individuals were given free land grants in proportion to their status and influence with the royal family. His majlis (a traditional Arab consultation council) was open to the public. He allowed non-Muslim religious buildings, such as churches and a temple, to be built. Zayed was also in favour of certain rights for women, such as access to education and women's labour rights, within traditional parameters. His views regarding women's rights were considerably more liberal than his counterparts in the GCC nations.

Zayed was one of the founders of the Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust which was initiated by Saudi royal Mohammed bin Faisal Al Saud, King Faisal's son, in 1981.[45] After floods ravaged Yemen's Ma'rib Governorate in 1982, Zayed financed the construction of the current dam of Ma'rib in 1984.[46][47] This was to replace the historical one that was damaged in antiquity, and support the country's agriculture and economy. The area of Ma'rib is reportedly from where his ancestors migrated to what is now the UAE.[48]

Zayed Centre

Controversy over the opinions of the Zayed Centre caused the Harvard Divinity School to return Sheikh Zayed's $2.5 million gift to the institution in 2000 as "tainted money." Former United States president Jimmy Carter accepted the Zayed International Prize for the Environment in 2001. The award included a monetary prize of $500,000 from the Zayed Centre, and Carter stated in his acceptance speech that the award carried extra significance to him, since it was named after his personal friend.[49]

There was similar controversy when the London School of Economics accepted a large donation by the Zayed Centre, to build a new lecture theatre in the New Academic Building in 2008.[50]The gift was accepted with the Sheikh Zayed Theatre being the second largest lecture hall on the campus.

Harvard's equivocation, the Carter controversy, and the engendering negative publicity, prompted Sheikh Zayed to shut down the centre in August 2003, stating that the Zayed Centre "had engaged in a discourse that starkly contradicted the principles of interfaith tolerance."[51]

Death

On 2 November 2004, Zayed died at the age of 86. He had been suffering from diabetes and kidney problems.[1] He was buried in the courtyard of the new Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi. His eldest son, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan,[1][3] took an increasing role in government beginning in the 1980s. Directly after his father's death, he became the Ruler of Abu Dhabi, and was ratified as the president of the United Arab Emirates by his fellow rulers in the Supreme Council.

Memorials and legacy

Founder's Memorial

In 2018, a year dedicated in the UAE to the celebration of Zayed's life and legacy,[57] the Founder's Memorial was opened in Abu Dhabi. The memorial consists of an open Heritage Garden and Sanctuary Garden at the centre of which is a cubic pavilion housing The Constellation, an artwork dedicated to Zayed's memory.

Marriage and children

Zayed bin Sultan married seven times and has 19 sons.[58] His children are as follows:

Name Lifespan Notes
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan 7 September 1948 – 13 May 2022 Former President of UAE and Ruler of Abu Dhabi
Spouse: Was married to Shamsa bint Suhail Al Mazrouei (b. 1950)
Sultan bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1 December 1955 – 18 November 2019[59] Former Deputy Prime Minister of the UAE
Shamsa bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1960 (age 63–64) Daughter of Mouza bint Suhail Al Khaili
Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 11 March 1961 (1961-03-11) (age 62) Current President of UAE and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, current Deputy Supreme Commander of UAE Armed Forces

Spouse:

​
​
(m. 1980)​
Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan 19 February 1963 (1963-02-19) (age 60) Spouse:
Sheikha Shamsa bint Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Nahyan
​
​
(m. 1988)​
Hazza bin Zayed Al Nahyan 2 June 1965 (1965-06-02) (age 58) Deputy Ruler of Abu Dhabi

Spouse:

Mozah Bint Mohammed Bin Butti Al Hamed
​
​
(m. 1988)​
Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan 4 December 1968 (1968-12-04) (age 55) Deputy Ruler of Abu Dhabi
Skilled Jiu-Jitsu practitioner[60][61] and son of Fatima bint Mubarak Al Ketbi. He works in the banking sector.[62]

Spouses:

Khawla bint Ahmed Al Suwaidi
​
​
(m. 1997)​

Latifa bint Jamhour Al Qubaisi

Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan 20 November 1970 (1970-11-20) (age 53) Vice President of United Arab Emirates

Spouses:

Alia bint Mohammed bin Butti Al Hamed
​
​
(m. 1994)​

​
​
(m. 2005)​
Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan 30 April 1972 (1972-04-30) (age 51) Spouse:
Sheikha Alyazia bint Saif Al Nahyan
​
​
(m. 2002)​
Al Yazia bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1968 (age 55–56) Daughter of Fatima bint Mubarak Al Ketbi
Shamma bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1967 (age 56–57) Daughter of Fatima bint Mubarak Al Ketbi
Saif bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1968 (age 55–56) Deputy Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates
Son of Mouza bint Suhail Al Khaili
spouse: Sheikha Asma bint Hamad Al Khaili
Ahmed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (1969–26 March 2010) Son of Mouza bint Suhail Al Khaili

Spouse:

Sheikha Alyazia bint Hamad bin Suhail Al Khaili
​
​
(m. 2003)​
Hamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1971 (age 52–53) Chief of Abu Dhabi Crown Prince's Court

Spouse:

Sheikha Fatima bint Hamad bin Suhail Al Khaili
​
​
(m. 2002)​
Omar bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1973 (age 50–51) Son of Mouza bint Suhail Al Khaili
second deputy president of Baniyas Sports Club[63]

Spouse:

​
​
(m. 2013)​
Afra bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1966 (age 57–58) Daughter of Mouza bint Suhail Al Khaili
Khalid bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1977 (age 46–47) Son of Mouza bint Suhail Al Khaili

Spouse:

Shamsa bint Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan
​
​
(m. 2009)​
Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1966 (age 57–58) Real estate developer

Spouse:

Sheikha Maryam bint Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Nahyan
​
​
(m. 1990)​
(c. 1990s)
Nasser bin Zayed Al Nahyan (1967–2 June 2008) Former chairman of the Abu Dhabi planning and economy department
Rawdha bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1970 (age 53–54) Daughter of Amnah bint Salah Al Darmaki
Salama bint Zayed Al Nahyan Daughter of Fatima bint Obaid Al Muhairi
Saeed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1965 – 27 July 2023 Spouse:
Sheikha Sheikha bint Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Nahyan
​
​
(m. 1990)​
(c. 1990s)
Nahyan bin Zayed Al Nahyan[64] 1968 (age 55–56) Son of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki

Spouse: Maitha bint Mohammed bin Khalid Al Nahyan

Falah bin Zayed Al Nahyan[64] 7 November 1970 (1970-11-07) (age 53) Son of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki
Spouses:
  • Al-Anood Al Remeithi
Fatima bint Ghanim bin Faris Al Mazroui
​
​
(m. 2007)​
Dhiyab bin Zayed Al Nahyan[64] 1971 (age 52–53) Chairman of Al Wahda Football Club, former Chairman of Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority[65]
Latifa bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1963 (age 60–61) Daughter of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki
Mouza bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1964 (age 59–60) Daughter of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki
Wadeema bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1969 (age 54–55) Daughter of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki
Sheikha bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1974 (age 49–50) Daughter of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki
Maitha bint Zayed Al Nahyan 1976 (age 47–48) Daughter of Ayesha bint Ali Al Darmaki

Ancestry

See also

References

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Notes

  1. ↑ (majority view, see text)
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