半閉央不圓唇元音

半閉央不圓唇元音(close-mid central unrounded vowel、high-mid central unrounded vowel[1])是元音的一種,存在于一些語言當中,國際音標ɘ,形如左右翻转的“e”。此符号于1993年添加进IPA中,在此之前,此元音的音标记作ëX-SAMPA符号是@\

半閉央不圓唇元音
ɘ
ë
ɤ̈
ə̝
IPA編號397
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ɘ
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+0258
X-SAMPA音標@\
ASCII音標@<umd>
IPA盲文⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
音頻範例
來源 · 幫助
國際音標元音
次閉
半閉
半開
次開

表內成對的元音分別為不圓唇/圓唇

特征

  • 圓唇度不圓唇元音,嘴唇自然放鬆,不特別向前突起。

见于

语言词汇国际音标意义注释
阿塞拜疆语大不里士[2] / [ɡɘz]女孩一般记作ɯ
Cotabato Manobo[3]可以记作ə
丁卡语Luanyjang[4]ŋeŋ[ŋɘ́ŋ]颚骨/e/的短元音。[4]
英语澳大利亚英语音系[5][6]bird[bɘːd]一般记作ɜː。参见澳大利亚英语音系
南密歇根口音[7][bɚ̝ːd]R音化;一般记作ɚ
加的夫英语[8]foot[fɘt]更少时候是圆唇音[ɵ][9]和其他方言[ʊ]对应。参见英语音系
新西兰英语[10]bit[bɘt]比特/ə//ɪ/混同。参见新西兰英语音系
南部美国英语[11]nut[nɘt]坚果部分方言。[11]和其他方言/ʌ/对应。参见英语音系
漢語 閩南語泉山腔 月 ge̍rh [ɡɘʔ˨˦] 月亮,月份 一般记作[ə],受到主流记音的影响。
爱沙尼亚语[12][kɘrv]一般记作ɤ;可以是半闭后元音[ɤ]或闭后元音[ɯ],取决于使用者。[12]参见爱沙尼亚语音系
爱尔兰语芒斯特爱尔兰语[13]sáile[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]咸水一般记作[ɪ̽]/ə/在未颚化细音旁的同位异音。[13]参见爱尔兰语音系
Jebero[14]ɨ[sh/x][e/ï][k/c/q] [ˈiʃɘk] 'bat'
Kaingang[15]me [ˈᵐbɘ]尾巴自央[ɘ]至后元音[ɤ]变化。[16]
Kalagan Kaagan[17][miˈwə̝ːʔ]失去/ɨ/在词尾重读音节、且在/ʔ/前的同位异音;可记作ə[17]
Kensiu[18][ɟɚ̝h]修剪R音化;可以记作ɚ[18]
Kera[19][t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]/a/的同位异音;一般记作ə[19]
韩语[20]/ŏŏleun[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]成年人可以记作əː。参见韩语音系
吕苏语[21][Fkə̝]/ə/在软腭塞音后的同位异音。[21]
马普切语[22][ë̝ˈlɘn]离开(东西)
蒙古语[23][usɘɾɘ̆]
Mono[24][də̝]成为可以记作ə[24]
波兰语[25][mɘ̟ʂ] 老鼠Somewhat fronted;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ɨ。参见波兰语音系
罗马尼亚语摩尔达维亚方言[26][ˈkäsɘ]房子和标准音[ə]对应。参见罗马尼亚语音系
Shiwiar[27]
Temne[28][pə̝́r]煽动一般记作ə[28]
越南语[29][vɘ˨˩ˀ]老婆一般记作ɤ。参见越南語音系
史兴语Upper[30][LPmɘ̃dɐ]楼上鼻化;只出现在此词中。[30]低地史兴语实现为央元音[ə̃][31]
萨波特克语蒂尔基亚潘[32][nɘ]更常见的实现是/e/[32]

註釋

  1. While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. Mokari & Werner (2016).
  3. Kerr (1988:110頁)
  4. Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119頁)
  5. Cox (2006:?頁)
  6. Durie & Hajek (1994:?頁)
  7. Hillenbrand (2003:122頁)
  8. Collins & Mees (1990:93頁)
  9. Collins & Mees (1990:92頁)
  10. Bauer et al. (2007)
  11. Roca & Johnson (1999:186頁)
  12. Asu & Teras (2009),第368–369頁.
  13. Ó Sé (2000)
  14. Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101頁)
  15. Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682頁)
  16. Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682頁)
  17. Wendel & Wendel (1978:198頁)
  18. Bishop (1996:230頁)
  19. Pearce (2011:251頁)
  20. Lee (1999:121頁)
  21. Chirkova & Chen (2013a:79頁)
  22. Sadowsky et al. (2013:92頁)
  23. Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67頁)
  24. Olson (2004:235頁)
  25. Jassem (2003:105頁)该资料将此音记作ɨ但可以从pag. 105的元音图看出这音比起[ɨ]更靠近[ɘ]
  26. Pop (1938),第29頁.
  27. Fast Mowitz (1975:2頁)
  28. Kanu & Tucker (2010:249頁)
  29. Hoang (1965:24頁)
  30. Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:389頁)
  31. Chirkova & Chen (2013b:370頁)
  32. Merrill (2008:109–110頁)

参考文献

  • Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire, , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
  • Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George, , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 97–102 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830, (原始内容存档于2017-05-23)
  • Bishop, Nancy, (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 1996, 25 [2018-02-15], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-10-05)
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013a, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013b, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
  • Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja, (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., , Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), , Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990 [2018-02-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, (原始内容存档于2017-03-11)
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  • Cox, F.M., , Australian Journal of Linguistics, 2006, 26: 147–179 [2013-01-27], doi:10.1080/07268600600885494, (原始内容存档于2008-09-24)
  • Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf, 7th, Berlin: Dudenverlag, 2015 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4 (德语)
  • Durie, M.; Hajek, J., , Australian Journal of Linguistics, 1994, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
  • Fast Mowitz, Gerhard, , Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, 1975
  • Hillenbrand, James M., (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 121–126 [2018-02-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100303001221, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-10)
  • Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa, (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College, 1965 [2018-02-15], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-10-01)
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  • Jassem, Wiktor, , Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery, , Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP), 2009, 3: 675–685 [2018-02-15], (原始内容存档于2012-03-04)
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, , Cambridge University Press, 1969, ISBN 0-521-06736-7
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