九三宣言

《九三宣言》（德語：）或《告文明世界书》（德語：）是第一次世界大战初期1914年10月4日由93位杰出的德国科学家、学者、艺术家联名发布的声明[1]，以表明他们对德国在战争初期军事行动的坚定支持。这些军事行动指的是比利时惨案。该宣言强烈激发了德国大学和其他学校对战争的支持，但同时在他国知识界引发极大愤慨。该宣言不顾事实，否认德国在比利时有任何攻击平民的行动，并继续宣称战争是必要的，“如果没有德意志军国主义，德国文化早就被从地球表面抹去”，“我们将作为一个文明国家战斗到最后，我国视歌德、贝多芬和康德的遗产与家园同样神圣”。[2]^:207

联署人威廉·朱利斯·福尔斯特很快就后悔签署此宣言。1921年，《纽约时报》报道发现76位健在的签署人中60人都有不同程度的后悔。有些签署人表示签名时并未看到所签署的内容[3]。

名单

阿道夫·冯·拜尔，1905年诺贝尔化学奖得主
彼得·贝伦斯
埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林，1901年诺贝尔医学奖得主
威廉·冯·博德
Aloïs Brandl
卢约·布伦塔诺
Justus Brinckmann
Johannes Conrad
Franz Defregger
Richard Dehmel
古斯塔夫·阿道夫·德斯曼
威廉·德普费尔德
Friedrich von Duhn
保罗·埃尔利希，1908年诺贝尔医学奖得主
Albert Ehrhard
Karl Engler
Gerhard Esser
倭铿，1908年诺贝尔文学奖得主
Herbert Eulenberg
Henrich Finke
赫尔曼·埃米尔·费歇尔，1902年诺贝尔化学奖得主
威廉·朱利斯·福尔斯特
卢德威·福勒达
Eduard von Gebhardt
高延
弗里茨·哈伯，1918年诺贝尔化学奖得主
恩斯特·海克尔
Max Halbe
阿道夫·哈纳克
卡尔·霍普特曼
格哈特·霍普特曼，1912年诺贝尔文学奖得主
Gustav Hellmann
威尔汉·赫尔曼
Andreas Heusler
Adolf von Hildebrand
Ludwig Hoffmann (architect)
恩格尔贝特·洪佩尔丁克
Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth
Arthur Kampf
Friedrich August von Kaulbach
Theodor Kipp
费利克斯·克莱因
马克斯·克林格尔
Aloïs Knoepfler
Joseph Anton Koch
Paul Laband
卡尔·兰普雷希特
菲利普·莱纳德，1905年诺贝尔物理学奖得主
Maximilian Lenz
马克思·利伯曼
法兰兹·封·李斯特
路德维西·曼则
Joseph Mausbach
Georg von Mayr
Sebastian Merkle
爱德华·迈尔
Heinrich Morf
弗里德里希·瑙曼
阿尔伯特·奈瑟
瓦尔特·能斯特，1920年诺贝尔化学奖得主
威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德，1909年诺贝尔化学奖得主
Bruno Paul
马克斯·普朗克，1918年诺贝尔物理学奖得主
Albert Plohn
Georg Reicke
马克斯·莱因哈特
阿罗伊斯李尔
Carl Robert
威廉·伦琴，1901年诺贝尔物理学奖得主
Max Rubner
Fritz Schaper
Adolf Schlatter
August Schmidlin
古斯塔夫·史莫勒
Reinhold Seeberg
Martin Spahn
弗朗茨·冯·施图克
赫尔曼·苏德曼
Hans Thoma
Wilhelm Trübner
Karl Vollmöller
Richard Voss
Karl Vossler
齐格弗里德·瓦格纳
威廉·瓦尔代尔
奥古斯特·保罗·瓦瑟曼
费利克斯·魏因加特纳
Theodor Wiegand
威廉·维恩，1911年诺贝尔物理学奖得主
乌尔里希·冯·维拉莫维茨-默伦多夫
里夏德·维尔施泰特，1915年诺贝尔化学奖得主
威廉·文德尔班
威廉·冯特

参考

Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg and Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!": das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg （页面存档备份，存于）, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996, p.13.
Isaacson, Walter, , New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0
(PDF). The New York Times. March 2, 1921: 7 [2019-04-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-03-13）. A German writer, M.H. WEHBERG, has recently published the results of personal inquiries made of the surviving professors, scientists and literary men who in 1914 signed the famous manifesto of the ninety-three Gelehrten. Seventeen of them have since died, but of this number it was known that several had changed their minds, or at least wished that they had not put their names to a document which was a reproach to German learning. Among the living only sixteen were found to stand by their action in 1914 without wavering, and to say that they would sign the manifesto again. This leaves some sixty of the original ninety-three who now express regret — in some cases amounting almost to remorse. Some of them explain that they did not read or know what they had signed. They gave their names by telephone or telegraph to what they supposed to be a truthful utterance of German university opinion. Later they felt 'keen chagrin' when they found that, with their indignant 'it is not true,' they had been denying facts amply proved. More than one of the signers now has strong words in condemnation of the 'unlucky and senseless' declaration, as it is now admitted to have been, to which they were induced to put their names. This is perhaps the nearest to repentance that we have had or may expect from Germany. Herr WEHBERG records many excuses, some semi-apologies, several expressions of sorrow that the thing turned out so badly; but not one form of the straight-out confession that is good for the soul.

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[1] Jürgen von Ungern-Sternberg and Wolfgang von Ungern-Sternberg, Der Aufruf "An die Kulturwelt!": das Manifest der 93 und die Anfänge der Kriegspropaganda im Ersten Weltkrieg （页面存档备份，存于）, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1996, p.13.

[Isaacson-2] Isaacson, Walter, , New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7432-6473-0

[NYT1921-3] (PDF). The New York Times. March 2, 1921: 7 [2019-04-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-03-13）. A German writer, M.H. WEHBERG, has recently published the results of personal inquiries made of the surviving professors, scientists and literary men who in 1914 signed the famous manifesto of the ninety-three Gelehrten. Seventeen of them have since died, but of this number it was known that several had changed their minds, or at least wished that they had not put their names to a document which was a reproach to German learning. Among the living only sixteen were found to stand by their action in 1914 without wavering, and to say that they would sign the manifesto again. This leaves some sixty of the original ninety-three who now express regret — in some cases amounting almost to remorse. Some of them explain that they did not read or know what they had signed. They gave their names by telephone or telegraph to what they supposed to be a truthful utterance of German university opinion. Later they felt 'keen chagrin' when they found that, with their indignant 'it is not true,' they had been denying facts amply proved. More than one of the signers now has strong words in condemnation of the 'unlucky and senseless' declaration, as it is now admitted to have been, to which they were induced to put their names. This is perhaps the nearest to repentance that we have had or may expect from Germany. Herr WEHBERG records many excuses, some semi-apologies, several expressions of sorrow that the thing turned out so badly; but not one form of the straight-out confession that is good for the soul.