二氧化碳性质表

二氧化碳干冰的一些性质如下叙述。

基本訊息

  • 中文名:二氧化碳干冰(固态)
  • 化学式:CO2
  • CAS号:124-38-9(CO2)、1111-72-4(13CO2)、51-90-1(14CO2)、18983-82-9(C(18O)O)、2537-69-1(C(18O)2
  • 英文名:Carbon dioxide
  • 外观:无色气体(标况);气态、液态、水溶液和超临界态均为无色;固态时为无色或白色固体

结构与性质

结构与性质
折射率, nD 1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C [1]
介电常数, εr 1.60 ε0(0 °C, 50 atm)
C=O键平均键能 804.4 kJ/mol at 298 K(25 °C)[2]
键长 C=O 116 pm (1.16 Å)
键角 O-C-O: 180°
磁化率  ?
表面张力 4.34 dyn/cm(20 °C,平衡压力)
平衡压力下的液体黏度[3] 0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C
0.0852 mPa·s at 10 °C
0.0712 mPa·s at 20 °C
0.0625 mPa·s at 25 °C
0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1 °C

热力学性质

相性质
三相点 216.58 K(−56.57 °C), 518.5 kPa
临界点 304.18 K(31.03 °C), 7.38 MPa
标准熔化焓变, ΔfusHo 8.647 kJ/mol(三相点)[4]
标准熔化熵变, ΔfusSo  ? J/(mol·K)
标准汽化焓变,[5] ΔvapHo 15.326 kJ/mol at 215.7 K(−57.5 °C)
标准汽化熵变, ΔvapSo 70.8 J/(mol·K)
固体性质
标准摩尔生成焓, ΔfHosolid -427.4 kJ/mol
标准摩尔熵,[6]
Sosolid
51.07 J/(mol·K)
热容量,[6] cp 2.534 J/(mol·K) at 15.52 K(−257.63 °C)
47.11 J/(mol·K) at 146.48 K(−126.67 °C)
54.55 J/(mol·K) at 189.78 K(−83.37 °C)
液体性质
标准摩尔生成焓, ΔfHo  ? kJ/mol
标准摩尔熵,
So
 ? J/(mol K)
热容量, cp  ? J/(mol·K)
导热系数[7] 31.0×10-5 cal/cm·s·°C(-20°C)
25.4×10-5 cal/cm·s·°C(0°C)
19.7×10-5 cal/cm·s·°C(20°C)
蒸汽压[7] 19.449 atm(-20°C)
34.397 atm(0°C)
56.525 atm(20°C)71.166(30°C)
溶液性质
亨利常数[8] 条件:298 K
[bmim][PF6] 53.4±0.3, [bmim][BF4] 59.0±2.6,
[bmim][Tf2N] 33.0±0.3, [hmim][Tf2N] 31.6±0.2,
条件:333 K
[hmim][eFAP] 42.0±0.1, [Et3NBH2mim][Tf2N] 113.1±16.9
气体性质
标准摩尔生成焓, ΔfHogas 393.52 kJ/mol
标准摩尔熵,
Sogas
213.79 J/(mol·K)
热容量,[9] cp 33.89 J/(mol K) at –75 °C
36.33 J/(mol K) at 0 °C
36.61 J/(mol K) at 15 °C
38.01 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
43.81 J/(mol K) at 400 °C
50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000 °C
53.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 2457 kPa
60.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 5482 kPa
183.1 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 8653 kPa
绝热指数[9]
γ = cp/cv
1.37 at –75 °C
1.310 at 0 °C
1.304 at 15 °C
1.281 at 100 °C
1.235 at 400 °C
1.195 at 1000 °C
1.171 at 2000 °C
范德华常数[10] a = 363.96 L2 kPa/mol2
b = 0.04267 liter per mole
一氧化碳化学平衡[11]
CO + ½O
2
CO
2

K =
pK = log10 K
pK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K
pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K
pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K
pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K
pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K
pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K
pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K

溶解度

二氧化碳在中的溶解度如下:

CO2在101.3 kPa (1 atm)分压下水中的溶解度[12]
温度溶解的CO2体积
(每体积H2O)
溶解的CO2质量(克)
(每100毫升H2O)
0 °C1.7130.3346
1 °C1.6460.3213
2 °C1.5840.3091
3 °C1.5270.2978
4 °C1.4730.2871
5 °C1.4240.2774
6 °C1.3770.2681
7 °C1.3310.2589
8 °C1.2820.2492
9 °C1.2370.2403
10 °C1.1940.2318
11 °C1.1540.2239
12 °C1.1170.2165
13 °C1.0830.2098
14 °C1.0500.2032
15 °C1.0190.1970
16 °C0.9850.1903
17 °C0.9560.1845
   
温度溶解的CO2体积
(每体积H2O)
溶解的CO2质量(克)
(每100毫升H2O)
18 °C0.9280.1789
19 °C0.9020.1737
20 °C0.8780.1688
21 °C0.8540.1640
22 °C0.8290.1590
23 °C0.8040.1540
24 °C0.7810.1493
25 °C0.7590.1449
26 °C0.7380.1406
27 °C0.7180.1366
28 °C0.6990.1327
29 °C0.6820.1292
30 °C0.6550.1257
35 °C0.5920.1105
40 °C0.5300.0973
45 °C0.4790.0860
50 °C0.4360.0761
60 °C0.3590.0576
  • Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO2 as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water.
  • The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO2. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH-dependent speciation of CO2.

固态和气态时的蒸汽压

P(mm Hg)11040100400760152038007600152003040045600
P(atm) (2sf,换算自mm Hg)0.00130.0130.0530.130.531.02.05.010204060
P(kPa)(换算自mm Hg / atm)0.131.35.31353101.325202.65506.6251013.252026.540536079.5
T(°C)–134.3(s)–119.5(s)–108.6(s)–100.2(s)–85.7(s)–78.2(s)–69.1(s)–56.7–39.5–18.95.922.4

表格数据来自《CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics》第44版。注释中的“(s)”表示固体上方蒸气的平衡温度。其余温度均为液体上方蒸汽的平衡温度。对于kPa数值,给出了精确值,其他地方的2个有效数字计算自mmHg数值。

CO2蒸汽压的log值,所用公式来自CHERIC[5]

相图

液相/气相平衡热力学数据

下表列出了液相CO2在不同温度下与气相平衡的热力学数据。焓、汽化热和熵是相对于0 °C、3483 kPa的数值。热量值至J/mol需要乘以44.095 g/mol。将密度换算为mol/L需要乘以22.678 cm3-mol/L-g。数据来自《CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics》(第44版),pp. 2560-2561。临界温度曲线(31.1 °C)与温度–30 °C来自《Lange's Handbook of Chemistry》(第10版),pp. 1463。

二氧化碳液-气平衡热力学数据
温度
°C
Pvap
蒸汽压
kPa
Hliq
液体

J/g
Hvap
蒸气

J/g
ΔvapHo
汽化

J/g
ρvap
蒸气
密度
g/cm3
ρliq
液体
密度
g/cm3
Sliq
液体

J/mol-°C
Svap
蒸气

J/mol-°C
–56.6518.31.179
–56.0531.81.177
–54.0579.11.169
–52.0629.61.162
–50.0683.41.155
–48.0740.61.147
–46.0801.31.139
–44.0865.61.131
–42.0933.81.124
–40.01005.71.116
–38.01081.91.108
–36.01161.81.100
–34.01246.21.092
–32.01335.11.084
-30.01428.61.075
–28.891521–55.69237.1292.90.038461.0306–9.4843.41
–27.781575–53.76237.3291.00.039871.0276–9.1343.21
–26.671630–51.84237.6289.40.041331.0242–8.7843.01
–25.561686–49.87237.6287.50.042831.0209–8.4542.78
–24.441744–47.91237.8285.70.044401.0170–8.1042.56
–23.331804–45.94237.8283.60.046001.0132–7.7542.36
–22.221866–43.93237.8281.70.047671.0093–7.4042.14
–21.111928–41.92237.8279.60.049381.0053–7.0541.94
–20.001993–39.91237.8277.80.051161.0011–6.6841.71
–18.892059–37.86237.8275.70.053000.9968–6.3141.49
–17.782114–35.82237.6273.60.054890.9923–5.9841.27
–16.672197–33.73237.6271.20.056860.9875–5.6141.05
–15.562269–31.64237.3269.20.058880.9829–5.2640.83
–14.442343–29.54237.3266.90.060980.9782–4.9140.61
–13.332418–27.41237.1264.50.063140.9734–4.5440.39
–12.222495–25.27236.9262.20.065390.9665–4.1740.15
–11.112574–23.09236.7259.70.067710.9639–3.8039.92
–10.002654–20.90236.4257.30.070110.9592–3.4339.68
–8.892738–18.69235.9254.80.072590.9543–3.0639.46
–7.782823–16.45235.7252.20.075160.9494–2.6939.22
–6.672910–14.18235.2249.40.077830.9443–2.3238.98
–5.562999–11.90234.8246.60.080590.9393–1.9438.74
–4.443090–9.977234.3243.80.083470.9340–1.5738.50
–3.893136–8.410234.1242.40.084940.9313–1.3738.37
–2.783230–6.046233.6239.70.087970.9260–0.9838.12
–1.673327–3.648232.9236.60.091110.9206–0.5937.88
–0.563425–1.222232.4233.60.094380.9150–0.2037.62
0.5635261.234231.7230.50.097760.90940.2037.36
1.6736293.728231.0227.30.10130.90360.6137.08
2.7837356.268230.4224.00.10500.89751.0136.83
3.8938438.445229.4220.50.10880.89141.4236.55
5.00395311.46228.5217.00.11280.88501.8336.25
6.11406714.13227.6213.40.11690.87842.2535.98
7.22418216.85226.5209.70.12130.87162.6935.68
8.33430019.63225.4205.80.12580.86453.1235.39
9.44442022.46224.3201.80.13060.85713.5635.07
10.56454425.36223.1197.70.13550.84964.0234.76
11.67467028.33221.8193.40.14080.84184.4834.45
12.78479831.35220.3188.90.14630.83384.9434.11
13.89492934.49218.8184.30.15210.82545.4233.76
15.00506337.30217.2179.50.15830.81685.9233.41
16.11520041.03215.1174.40.16480.80766.4233.02
17.22534044.48213.6169.10.17170.79776.9632.66
18.33548248.03211.5163.50.17910.78717.4932.25
19.44562851.71209.4157.60.18690.77598.0431.83
20.56577655.61207.0151.40.19560.76398.6331.38
21.67592859.66204.3144.70.20540.75089.2430.90
22.78608363.97201.5137.50.21510.73679.8930.39
23.89624068.58198.4129.80.22630.721610.5729.85
25.00640173.51194.8121.30.23870.705811.3129.24
26.11656578.91190.7111.80.25320.689412.1028.60
27.22673384.94186.0101.10.27070.672012.9927.84
28.33690291.88180.488.490.29230.650714.0026.95
29.447081100.4173.172.720.32040.620915.2425.85
30.007164105.6168.462.760.33780.599216.0125.15
30.567253112.3162.350.040.35810.566116.9924.24
31.173910.000.46410.4641
温度
°C
Pvap
蒸汽压
kPa
Hliq
液体

J/g
Hvap
蒸气

J/g
ΔvapHo
汽化

J/g
ρvap
蒸气
密度
g/cm3
ρliq
液体
密度
g/cm3
Sliq
液体

J/mol-°C
Svap
蒸气

J/mol-°C

谱图数据

UV-Vis
λmax  ? nm
消光系数, ε  ?
IR[lower-alpha 1]
主要吸收峰 2350 and 667 cm1

(4.25 and 14.99 um)

NMR
1H NMR 不适用
13C NMR 125.0[13]
MS
主要碎片质量  

化学反应方程式

反应物反应方程式反应条件
酸性
CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3常温、常压
氧化物CO2 + CaO = CaCO3
CO2 + BaO = BaCO3
氢氧化物CO2 + 2 NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O
CO2 + 2 KOH = K2CO3 + H2O
固体或溶液
碳酸盐CO2 + H2O + Na2CO3 → 2 NaHCO3
CO2 + H2O + K2CO3 → 2 KHCO3
CO2 + H2O + Cs2CO3 → 2 CsHCO3
CO2 + H2O + CaCO3 ⇌ Ca(HCO3)2
溶液
铜、氧气2 Cu + O2 + CO2 + H2O → Cu2(OH)2CO3(水合物)潮湿空气
CO2 + 2 NH3NH2COONH4干燥反应
CO2 + 2 NH3 + H2O → (NH4)2CO3[14]溶液
弱氧化性
CO2 + C ⇌ 2 CO高温
CO2 + 2 Mg → 2 MgO + C点燃
作为弱亲电试剂
金属有机化合物RMgX + CO2 → RCOOH
苯酚钠PhONa + CO2Ph(OH)COONa

化学品安全技术说明书

二氧化碳的安全技术说明书(MSDS)可以参见此页面页面存档备份,存于

注释

  1. 由于氮气和氧气分子是对称的,而二氧化碳和水蒸气不是,因此红外分光光度计中的空气可能会有二氧化碳和水的吸收。这很容易通过从实验测得的光谱减去空白去除,而且仪器也可以用干燥的氮气吹扫。

参考文献

  1. . NPL. [7 April 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-10-07). 页面存档备份,存于
  2. Darwent, B. deB. (1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules" Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 31, 52 pages.
  3. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp 1669-1674
  4. . Air Liquide. [1 June 2007]. (原始内容存档于2016-11-23). 页面存档备份,存于
  5. (Queriable database). Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. [8 May 2007]. (原始内容存档于2007-06-03).
  6. W.F. Giauque and C.J. Egan, "Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy," Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 5, pp. 45-54, 1937.
  7. 卢焕章. 石油化工基础数据手册. 北京: 化工出版社
  8. Jessica L. Anderson, JaNeille K. Dixon, Joan F. Brennecke. . Accounts of Chemical Research. 2007-11-20, 40 (11): 1208–1216 [2022-06-13]. ISSN 0001-4842. doi:10.1021/ar7001649. (原始内容存档于2022-06-13) (英语). 页面存档备份,存于
  9. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp 1525-1528
  10. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp 1522-1524
  11. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp 1573-1576
  12. Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., p 1100
  13. Reich, H. J. . Organic Chem Info. University of Wisconsin. [31 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015年3月2日). 页面存档备份,存于
  14. 碳酸铵 页面存档备份,存于. Chemical Book. [2018-1-18]

不指明时,均指标准状态。其余信息参见Wikipedia:化学信息框。

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