伞菌目

伞菌目
	平菇 Pleurotus ostreatus
科学分类
界：	真菌界 Fungi
门：	担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲：	傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
亚纲：	傘菌亞綱 Agaricomycetidae
目：	伞菌目 Agaricales; Underw., 1899
亚目
	伞菌亚目 Agaricineae; 蜡伞亚目 Hygrophorineae; 小皮伞亚目 Marasmiineae; 侧耳亚目 Pleurotineae; 光柄菇亚目 Pluteineae; 裂褶菌亚目 Schizophyllineae; 口蘑亚目 Tricholomatineae;

伞菌目（学名：），又名磨菇目，是傘菌綱的一目。本目包含33科、413屬和超过13000種已经描述的物种，其中包括6个化石属[1]。本目所包含的種類廣泛，從最常見的洋菇，致命的毒鵝膏和有迷幻性質的毒蠅傘，到可發光的發光類臍菇都是本目的種類。

分布和栖息地

伞菌目的物种无处不在，所有大洲均有发现。大部分生长在陆地，它们的栖息地包括所有类型的林地和草地，不同科之间的物种差别很大。伞菌目长期被认为是只生长在陆地，直到2005年发现的水生蘑菇(Psathyrella aquatica)，唯一在水下繁殖的蘑菇。[2]

特征

伞菌目的担子果通常是肉质的，具有通常称为茎的菌柄、菌盖、和菌褶，其中产生担孢子。这是蘑菇的刻板结构。不同类型的蘑菇包括多孔菌，它们有孔（管）而不是菌褶，以及形成齿状或棘状突起的触须菌(hydnoid fungi)。

科

現時屬於傘菌目的科有約40個，包括：

蘑菇科 Agaricaceae
鹅膏菌科 Amanitaceae
Biannulariaceae
粪锈伞科 Bolbitiaceae
Broomeiaceae
Callistosporiaceae
Chromocyphellaceae
珊瑚菌科 Clavariaceae
丝膜菌科 Cortinariaceae
Crassisporiaceae
锈耳科 Crepidotaceae ，靴耳科
挂钟菌科 Cyphellaceae
皮革菌科 Cystostereaceae
粉褶菌科 Entolomataceae
牛舌菌科 Fistulinaceae
Hebelomataceae
Hemigasteraceae
轴腹菌科 Hydnangiaceae
蜡伞科 Hygrophoraceae
腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae
Inocybaceae
- Astrosporina J.Schröt., 1889
- Astrosporina S.Imai, 1938
- Auritella Matheny & Bougher, 2006
- Cyphellathelia Jülich
- Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., 1863
- 凹孢丝盖伞属 Inosperma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Mallocybe (Kuyper) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe abruptibulbosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe acystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe africana Aïgnon, Yorou & Ryberg
  - Mallocybe agardhii (N.Lund) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe althoffiae (E.Horak) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe arenaria (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe arthrocystis (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe attenuatipes (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe coloradoensis (Tracy & Earle) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe cotoneovelata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe crassivelata Ferisin, Bizio, Esteve-Rav., Vizzini & Dovana
  - Mallocybe delecta (P.Karst.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe depressa L.Fan, H.Zhou & N.Mao
  - Mallocybe errata (E.Horak, Matheny & Desjardin) Haelew.
  - Mallocybe fibrillosa (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fulviceps (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fulvipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fulvoumbonata (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe fuscomarginata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe granulosa (Jacobsson & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe gymnocarpa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe hebelomoides Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe heimii (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe homomorpha (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe isabellina (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe lagenicystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe latifolia (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe latispora (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe leucoblema (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe leucoloma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe malenconii (R.Heim) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe megalospora (Stangl & Bresinsky) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe multispora (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe myriadophylla (Vauras & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe nuptialis Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
  - Mallocybe pakistanica[3]
  - Mallocybe pallidotomentosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe paludosa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe pelargoniodora (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe perbrevis (Weinm.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe peronata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe piceae L.Fan & N.Mao
  - Mallocybe pinicola[3]
  - Mallocybe plebeia Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh.
  - Mallocybe pseudodulcamara (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe pygmaea (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe pyrrhopoda (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe sabulosa (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe siciliana (Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti) Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti
  - Mallocybe solidipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe squamosoannulata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe squarrosoannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subdecurrens (Ellis & Everh.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subflavospora (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe substraminipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe subtilior (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe terrigena (Fr.) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe tomentosula Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe umbrinofusca (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe unicolor (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe velicoronata (E.Ludw. & M.Huth) Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
  - Mallocybe velutina Saba & Khalid
- Nothocybe Matheny & K.P.D.Latha, 2019
- Pseudosperma Matheny & Esteve-Rav.
- Tubariomyces Esteve-Rav. & Matheny, 2010
Limnoperdaceae
马勃科 Lycoperdaceae
离褶伞科 Lyophyllaceae
Macrocystidiaceae
小皮伞科 Marasmiaceae
小菇科 Mycenaceae
Mythicomycetaceae
Niaceae
Nidulariaceae
光茸菌科 Omphalotaceae
Palaeoclavariaceae
Phelloriniaceae
Phyllotopsidaceae
Physalacriaceae
侧耳科 Pleurotaceae
光柄菇科 Pluteaceae
Porotheleaceae
鬼伞科 Psathyrellaceae
Pseudoclitocybaceae
羽瑚菌科 Pterulaceae
Radulomycetaceae
Sarcomyxaceae
裂褶菌科 Schizophyllaceae
Secotiaceae
Squamanitaceae
Stephanosporaceae
球盖菇科 Strophariaceae
口蘑科 Tricholomataceae
Tubariaceae
Tulostomataceae
Typhulaceae

科的地位未定的属：

Acanthocorticium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb.
Acanthocystidium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb
Acinophora Rafinesque, 1808
Albocoprinus
Aleurocystis
鵝膏菌屬 Amanita Adanson, 1763
Amogaster M.A.Castellano, 1995
拟变孔菌属 Anomoloma
Aureofungus Hibbett, Binder & Wang, 2003
Australocybe
Baumanniella Henn.
Blasiphalia Redhead
Bresadolina
Chalymmota
Cheilophlebium Opiz & Gintl, 1856
Collyria E.M.Fries, 1849
Copelandia
Cribrospora Pacioni & P.Fantini, 2000
Cycloderma Klotzsch, 1832
Cypellomyces Spegazzini, 1906
Cysodermella H.Harmaja, 2002
小囊皮菌属 Cystodermella Hamaja
树状皮革菌属 Dendrothele
Disporotrichum Stalpers, 1984
Eriosperma Rafinesque, 1808
Flammeopellis Y.C.Dai, B.K.Cui & C.L.Zhao, 2014
Geasterites Pia, 1927
Gerontomyces Poinar, 2016
Gondwanagaricites Heads et al., 2017
Gramincola Velenovský, 1947
Hertzogia
Hygrophorocybe Vizzini & Contu, 2014
Hypomnema Britzelmayr, 1883
Inopilus (Romagn.) Pegler
Laterradea Raspail, 1824
Lignomphalia
Mesophelliopsis Batista & A.F.Vital, 1957
Microcollybia
Micromphale Nees
蒙氏假菇属 Montagnea (DC.) Zeller
Mycospongia Velenovský, 1939
Mylitta E.M.Fries, 1825
新桩菇属 Neopaxillus
- Neopaxillus bryogenus E.Horak
- Neopaxillus dominicanus Angelini & Vizzini
- Neopaxillus echinospermus (Speg.) Singer
- Neopaxillus plumbeus Singer & Lodge
- Neopaxillus reticulatus (Petch) Pegler
Nigrocarnea
Palaeoagaracites Poinar & Buckley, 2007
Palaeoagaricites G.O.Poinar Jr. & R.Buckley, 2007
Phaeotephrocybe
Phlebophyllum R.Heim, 1969
Pholiota (Fr.) Quél
Pilosace (Fr.) Quél.
Pleuromycenula
褶尾菌属 Plicatura Peck
Polygaster E.M.Fries, 1823
Praearthromyces
Radulomycetopsis G.S.Dhingra, Priyanka & J.Kaur, 2012
Rotula Rafinesque, 1815
Stemastrum Rafinesque, 1808
Strobilurusl
Stylobates E.M.Fries, 1837
Synnematomyces Kobayasi, 1981

生命周期

真菌子实体是生命周期的孢子产生阶段。大多数真菌通过孢子繁殖，子实体专为孢子的产生和传播而开发。子实体产生的孢子通常是有性生殖的结果[4]。

參考文獻

Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. . Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.
Frank, Jonathan L.; Coffan, Robert A.; Southworth, Darlene. . Mycologia. 2010-01, 102 (1) [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.3852/07-190. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）（英语）.
Malka Saba, Abdul Nasir Khalid and Samina Sarwar. 2023. New Species of Mallocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan, based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. MycoKeys. 99: 171-186. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.86844
Alexopolous et al., pp. 508–43.

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[isbn0-85199-826-7-1] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. . Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.

[Frank2010-2] Frank, Jonathan L.; Coffan, Robert A.; Southworth, Darlene. . Mycologia. 2010-01, 102 (1) [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.3852/07-190. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07）（英语）.

[Saba-3] Malka Saba, Abdul Nasir Khalid and Samina Sarwar. 2023. New Species of Mallocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan, based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. MycoKeys. 99: 171-186. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.86844

[Alexopolous1996-4] Alexopolous et al., pp. 508–43.