大猪笼草

大猪笼草
	产自苏拉威西的大猪笼草上位笼，海拔约400米
保护状况
	; 无危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
目：	石竹目 Caryophyllales
科：	猪笼草科 Nepenthaceae
属：	猪笼草属 Nepenthes
种：	大猪笼草 N. maxima
二名法
	Nepenthes maxima; Reinw. ex Nees (1824)
異名
	同物异名 Nepenthes boschiana; auct. non Korth.: Becc. (1878); Nepenthes celebica; Hook.f. (1873)[1]; Nepenthes curtisii; Mast. (1887)[2]; Nepenthes curtisii var. superba; Hort.Veitch ex Marshall (1889); Nepenthes dayana; A.Truffaut ex M.J.Sallier (1894) nom.superfl.; N. maxima × N. albomarginata; Hort.Bednar (1987); Nepenthes oblanceolata; Ridl. (1916); Nepenthes spectabilis; auct. non Danser: Hort. ex Hort.Bednar (1987); 异物同名 Nepenthes maxima; auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Becc. (1886); [=N. boschiana/N. maxima/; N. stenophylla/N. sumatrana]; Nepenthes maxima; auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Cheers (1992); [=N. northiana × N. maxima]; 前林奈名 "Cantharifera alba"; Rumph. (1750);

大猪笼草[3]（学名：）是一种广布于苏拉威西[3]、新几内亚[3]和摩鹿加群岛[4]的热带食虫植物。其也可能存在于沃沃尼島。[5]

大猪笼草被归入“大猪笼草系”中，其中还包括博世猪笼草（N. boschiana）、陈氏猪笼草（N. chaniana）、附生猪笼草（N. epiphytica）、艾玛猪笼草、法萨猪笼草（N. faizaliana）、暗色猪笼草（N. fusca）、扎克里豬籠草（N. zakriana ）、N. dactylifera 、克洛斯猪笼草（N. klossii）、宽唇猪笼草（N. platychila）、窄叶猪笼草（N. stenophylla）、柔毛豬籠草(N. mollis) 和佛氏猪笼草（N. vogelii）。[6]

常见于苏拉威西的某些变型常具有明显波浪状的叶片。[4][7]个别极端个体的叶片翼即使下延至下部整个节间，但其仍可能呈高度波浪状。[8]这种波浪状的叶片是由于叶缘细胞生长造成的，由于其叶片质薄，从而导致其叶片呈波浪状以降低其应力势能。[9]

虽然柯蒂斯猪笼草（N. curtisii）为该物种的异名，但其也被用于指代其他许多栽培种。

形态特征

大猪笼草捕虫笼的形态特征多变。捕虫笼可为纯绿色或带斑点，少数斑点众多，几乎为黑色。不同变型的唇也存在差异，产自新几内亚的变型其唇较宽。[3]

产于苏拉威西的大猪笼草上位笼，其生长的海拔高度从左至右一至三为400米、四至五为700米

产于新几内亚的大猪笼草上位笼，其生长的海拔高度从左至右分别为1500米、1600米、1700米、2300米和2600米

种下类群

Nepenthes maxima f. undulata Sh.Kurata (1985)
Nepenthes maxima var. glabrata Becc. in sched. nom.nud.
Nepenthes maxima var. lowii (Hook.f.) Becc. (1886) [=N. stenophylla]
Nepenthes maxima var. minor Macf. (1917)
Nepenthes maxima var. sumatrana (Miq.) Becc. (1886) [=N. sumatrana]
Nepenthes maxima var. superba (Hort.Veitch ex Marshall) Veitch (1897)

2009年，一种产自婆娑湖的栽培品种被命名为婆娑湖大猪笼草（Nepenthes maxima‘Lake Poso’）[10]

自然杂交种

? N. eymae × N. maxima[4]
N. glabrata × N. maxima[4]
N. klossii × N. maxima[10]
N. maxima × N. neoguineensis[4]
N. maxima × N. tentaculata[11]

无毛猪笼草与大猪笼草的疑似自然杂交种
克洛斯猪笼草与大猪笼草的自然杂交种
大猪笼草与新几内亚猪笼草的自然杂交种

参考文献

（拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
Masters, M.T. 1887. New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes Curtisii, Mast., sp. nov.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(49): 681, 689.
夏洛特. . 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 60. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.
McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
（印尼文） Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. （页面存档备份，存于） [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.
Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.
[Anonymous] 2013. BE-3543 Nepenthes maxima - wavy leaf.PDF Nepenthes Growers Newsletter 2(2): 7–8.
Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes maxima.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 9–10.
Sharon, E., M. Marder & H.L. Swinney 2004. Leaves, flowers and garbage bags: making waves. （页面存档备份，存于） American Scientist 92(3): 254–261.
Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’ （页面存档备份，存于）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(1): 18–22.
McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

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Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
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Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
（拉丁文） Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae.（页面存档备份，存于） In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x
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（印尼文） Darma, I.D.P., I.P. Suendra & H.-M. Siregar 2004. BP-17: Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan. [Nepenthes diversity in Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan.] [pp. xiv–xv] In: Abstrak: Konggres dan Seminar Nasional Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia (PTTI) Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 19-20 Desember 2003.（页面存档备份，存于） Sisipan Biodiversitas 5(1): i–xxxii.
（印尼文） Darma, I.D.P., I.P. Suendra & H.-M. Siregar 2004. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan（页面存档备份，存于）. [Diversity of Nepenthes at ecotour forest Nanggala III, Luwu, South Sulawesi.] BioSMART 6(2): 126–129.
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（印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
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McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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（德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023
（日語） Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes maxima Reinw.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes（）. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. p. 62.
Porter, J.N. 1940. Note on the germination of Nepenthes seed sown on agar（页面存档备份，存于）. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University 8(3): 65–68.
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882
Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2012. Molecular and functional evolution of class I chitinases for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(10): 2971–2985. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss106
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Rischer, R., M. Wenzel, J. Schlauer, G. Bringmann & L.A. Assi 1998. In vitro cultivation and experiments with carnivorous plants.PDF In: J. Schlauer & B. Meyers-Rice (eds.) Proceedings: Second Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society. International Carnivorous Plant Society, Fullerton. pp. 6–7.
Shin, K.-S., S. Lee & B.J. Cha 2007. Suppression of phytopathogenic fungi by hexane extract of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf. Fitoterapia 78(7–8): 585–586. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.020
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Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
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扩展阅读

Nepenthes maxima from Celebes go international
食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中大猪笼草的照片（页面存档备份，存于）

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：马普鲁山猪笼草維基物種上的相關：马普鲁山猪笼草

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[Hooker-1] （拉丁文） Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.

[2] Masters, M.T. 1887. New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes Curtisii, Mast., sp. nov.. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(49): 681, 689.

[夏洛特2007-3] 夏洛特. . 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 60. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.

[McPherson-4] McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

[Wowoni-5] （印尼文） Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara. （页面存档备份，存于） [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.

[epiphytica-6] Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.

[7] [Anonymous] 2013. BE-3543 Nepenthes maxima - wavy leaf.PDF Nepenthes Growers Newsletter 2(2): 7–8.

[8] Bourke, G. 2010. Plant profile: Nepenthes maxima.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 9–10.

[9] Sharon, E., M. Marder & H.L. Swinney 2004. Leaves, flowers and garbage bags: making waves. （页面存档备份，存于） American Scientist 92(3): 254–261.

[Evans-10] Evans, D.P. 2009. New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima ‘Lake Poso’ （页面存档备份，存于）. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(1): 18–22.

[M&A2012-11] McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.