內視現象

內視現象Entoptic phenomenon)是一種由人眼本身的內部造成的視覺效果。(有時也稱為entopic phenomenon ,可能是印刷錯誤。)

亥姆霍兹話來說:「在合適的條件下,落在眼睛上的光線可能致使我們得以看見眼睛內的某些物體。這些知覺稱為「內視」(entoptical)。」

概述

內視影像所投射在視網膜上的影像有其物理基礎,這與由視覺系統引起的視錯覺不同,視錯覺的特點是視知覺似乎與現實不同。內視影像則是由觀察者自己眼睛內部的現象引起的,這種影像與視錯覺和幻覺有個共同之處,觀察者都無法與其他人分享對於這種現象的直接和特定的觀點。

亥姆霍兹說明了某些觀察者可輕易看見而其他人卻完全看不到的內視現象。這種差異不足為奇,因為產生這些影像的眼睛,在具體的層面上對每個人來說都是獨一無二的。由於個體之間有所差異,加上兩個觀察者無法共享一個幾乎相同的刺激,所以這些現象與大多數視覺感覺不同,也不同於大多數藉由觀察共同刺激所產生的視錯覺。不過主要的內視現象之間有充足的共性,現在已能令人滿意地解釋其物理成因。

例子

內視效應的一些例子包括:

參見

  • 關於鬼的科學解釋
  • 耳內現象(Endaural phenomena)
  • 結構衡量(Form Constant)
  • 臨睡幻覺(hypnagogia)
  • 感覺剝奪箱(Isolation tank)
  • 囚人戲劇(prisoner's cinema)
  • 閃爍的視野缺損(scintillating scotoma)
  • 視雪症
  • 藍天內視現象
  • 飛蚊症
  • 《論色彩學》Theory of Colours

參考文獻

    • Jan E. Purkyně, 1823: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Sehens in subjectiver Hinsicht in Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne, In Commission der J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Prag.
    • H. von Helmholtz, Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik, published as "Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics, Translated from the Third German Edition," ed. James P. C. Southall; 1925; The Optical Society of America.
    • Leonard Zusne, 1990: Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking; Lea; ISBN 0-8058-0508-7 页面存档备份,存于
    • Becker, O., 1860, “Über Wahrnehmung eines Reflexbildes im eigenen Auge [About perception of a reflected image in your own eye],” Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, pp. 670 672 & 684 688.
    • M. Tscherning, 1920, Physiologic Optics; Third Edition, (English translation by C. Weiland). Philadelphia: Keystone Publishing Co. pp. 55–56.
    • White, Harvey E., and Levatin, Paul, 1962, "'Floaters' in the eye," Scientific American, Vol. 206, No. 6, June, 1962, pp. 199 127.
    • Duke Elder, W. S. (ed.), 1962, System of Ophthalmology, Volume 7, The Foundations of Ophthalmology: heredity pathology diagnosis and therapeutics, St. Louis, The C.V. Mosby Company. p450.
    • Snodderly, D.M., Weinhaus, R.S., & Choi, J.C. (1992). Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of Macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Journal of Neuroscience, 12(4), 1169-1193. Available online at: http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/reprint/12/4/1169.pdf.
    • Sinclair, S.H., Azar-Cavanagh, M., Soper, K.A., Tuma, R.F., & Mayrovitz, H.N. (1989). Investigation of the source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 30(4), 668-673. Available online at: http://www.iovs.org/ 页面存档备份,存于.
    • Giles Skey Brindley, Physiology of the Retina and Visual Pathway, 2nd ed. (Edward Arnold Ltd., London, 1970), pp. 140–141.
    • Bill Reid, “Haidinger's brush,” Physics Teacher, Vol. 28, p. 598 (Dec. 1990).
    • Walker, J., 1984, “How to stop a spinning object by humming and perceive curious blue arcs around the light,” Scientific American, February, Vol. 250, No. 2, pp. 136 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148.

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