关联性容器
关联容器是指C++标准模板库中的一套类模板,实现了有序关联数组。[1]可用于存放任意数据类型的元素。C++标准中定义的关联容器有: set
, map
, multiset
, multimap
。
C++標準庫 |
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关联容器类似于C++中的无序关联容器。差别为:
- 关联容器是红黑树实现,无序关联容器是哈希表实现。
- 关联容器保证按键值有序遍历,因此可以做范围查找,而无序关联容器不可以。关联支持一些导航类的操作,如求出给定键最邻近的键,最大键、最小键操作。
- 关联容器的迭代器不会失效,除非所指元素被删除。无序关联容器的iterator在修改元素时可能会失效。所以对关联容器的遍历与修改在一定程度上可并行
- 哈希表查找时候要算hash,这个最坏时间复杂度是O(key的长度);基于比较的有序关联容器通常只使用头几个字符进行比较
成员函数
用法
下述例子展示如何用map<string, int>
计数word的次数。用word为键值,次数为值。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
int main()
{
std::map<std::string, int> wordcounts;
std::string s;
while (std::cin >> s && s != "end")
++wordcounts[s];
while (std::cin >> s && s != "end")
std::cout << s << ' ' << wordcounts[s] << '\n';
}
执行时,用户线输入一系列word,最后以"end"结束输入。然后输入word可查询它出现的次数。
下例展示用insert函数、find函数:
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <utility> // make_pair
int main()
{
typedef std::map<char, int> MapType;
MapType my_map;
// insert elements using insert function
my_map.insert(std::pair<char, int>('a', 1));
my_map.insert(std::pair<char, int>('b', 2));
my_map.insert(std::pair<char, int>('c', 3));
my_map.insert(MapType::value_type('d', 4)); // all standard containers provide this typedef
my_map.insert(std::make_pair('e', 5)); // can also use the utility function make_pair
my_map.insert({'f', 6}); // using C++11 initializer list
//map keys are sorted automatically from lower to higher.
//So, my_map.begin() points to the lowest key value not the key which was inserted first.
MapType::iterator iter = my_map.begin();
// erase the first element using the erase function
my_map.erase(iter);
// output the size of the map
std::cout << "Size of my_map: " << my_map.size() << '\n';
std::cout << "Enter a key to search for: ";
char c;
std::cin >> c;
// find will return an iterator to the matching element if it is found
// or to the end of the map if the key is not found
iter = my_map.find(c);
if (iter != my_map.end() )
std::cout << "Value is: " << iter->second << '\n';
else
std::cout << "Key is not in my_map" << '\n';
// clear the entries in the map
my_map.clear();
}
迭代器
map<Key,T>::iterator it; // declares a map iterator
it->first; // the key value
it->second; // the mapped value
(*it); // the "element value", which is of type: pair<const Key,T>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <map>
int main()
{
std::map <std::string, int> data{
{ "Bobs score", 10 },
{ "Martys score", 15 },
{ "Mehmets score", 34 },
{ "Rockys score", 22 },
{ "Rockys score", 23 } /*overwrites the 22 as keys are identical */
};
// Iterate over the map and print out all key/value pairs.
for (const auto& element : data)
{
std::cout << "Who(key = first): " << element.first;
std::cout << " Score(value = second): " << element.second << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
参考文献
- (PDF). . p. 797, § 23.4.4 [2018-11-28]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-03-13).
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