原始人類語言

原始人類語言（、、），又名原世界语，是一个假设於世界上存在的語言，並且是所有语言的最近共同祖先原始语，也是一个古老的原始语。

原始人類語言假設现今所有的现代语言，包括现代的语系和已消亡语言，皆起源於單一的一種语言。這種語言，被認為是人類的祖先當仍在東非時所使用的語言。尽管有无数的尝试，但是语言学家得出一些结论——復原该语言的方法是可疑的，並且如果真有原世界语的话，原世界语也不太可能被復原。從近年對尼安德特人化石的研究，認為他們很可能亦有語言的能力，「原始人類語言」是否包含尼安德特人的語言亦變成了爭議之一。假若尼安德特人亦有其語言，有可能表明原先的單一語言假設的錯誤，但亦可能暗示人類的語言跟尼安德特人的語言還有一個更早期的祖先。

根據人類的發展歷史，語言學家推斷原始人類語言通行於約20萬到5萬年前。到了一萬年前語言已經很通行了，8000年前人類開始撰寫文字之後，各式各樣的語言被記錄了下來。

魯蘭原始人類語言重建

詞彙

語言	誰？	什麼？	二	水	一/手指	手臂-1	手臂-2	彎膝/膝蓋	頭髮	陰道/外陰	味道/鼻子
科依桑语系	!kū	ma	/kam	k´´ā	//kɔnu	//kū	≠hā	//gom	/ʼū	!kwai	č'ū
尼罗-撒哈拉语系	na	de	ball	nki	tok	kani	boko	kutu	sum	buti	čona
尼日尔-刚果语系	nani	ni	bala	engi	dike	kono	boko	boŋgo		butu
亚非语系	k(w)	ma	bwVr	ak'^wa	tak	ganA		bunqe	somm	put	suna
南高加索语系	min	ma	yor	rt^s'q'a	ert	t'ot'	qe	muql	toma	putʼ	sun
达罗毗荼语系	yāv	yā	iraṇṭu	nīru	birelu	kaŋ	kay	meṇḍa	pūṭa	počču	čuṇṭu
歐亞語系	k^wi	mi	pālā	ak^wā	tik	konV	bhāghu(s)	bük(ä)	punče	p'ut'V	snā
得内-高加索语系	k^wi	ma	gnyis	ʔoχ^wa	tok	kan	boq	pjut	t^shām	putʼi	suŋ
南方大語系	o-ko-e	m-anu	ʔ(m)bar	namaw	ntoʔ	xeen	baγa	buku	śyām	betik	iǰuŋ
印度-太平洋語系		mina	boula	okho	dik	akan	ben	buku	utu		sɨnna
澳洲原住民語言	ŋaani	minha	bula	gugu	kuman	mala	pajing	buŋku		puda	mura
亞美林德總語系	kune	mana	p'āl	akwā	dɨ'i	kano	boko	buka	summe	butie	čuna

來源：(Ruhlen 1994b：103)。符號V表示「元音，其原始確切的字符是未知的」(同上105頁)。點擊在最上面一行的符號可以改變字母順序的形式。

基於參考文獻(Ruhlen 1994b：105)，列出原始人類語言的詞根：

ku = 'who'
ma = 'what'
pal = 'two'
ak^wa = 'water'
tik = 'finger'
kanV = 'arm'
boko = 'arm'
buŋku = 'knee'
sum = 'hair'
putV = 'vulva'
čuna = 'nose, smell'

參考文獻

Bengtson, John D. and Merritt Ruhlen. 1994. "Global etymologies." In Ruhlen 1994a, pp. 277–336.
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Edgar, Blake. 2008 "Letter from South Africa." （页面存档备份，存于） Archaeology 61.2, March–April 2008.
Gell-Mann, Murray and Merritt Ruhlen. 2003. "The origin and evolution of syntax." (Also: HTML version.)
Givón, Talmy. 1979. On Understanding Grammar. New York: Academic Press.
Greenberg, Joseph. 1963. "Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements." In Universals of Language, edited by Joseph Greenberg, Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 58–90. (In second edition of Universals of Language, 1966: pp. 73–113.)
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Greenberg, Joseph H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000-2002. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family. Volume 1: Grammar. Volume 2: Lexicon. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994a. On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Ruhlen, Merritt. 1994b. The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1986. Course in General Linguistics, translated by Roy Harris. Chicago: Open Court. (English translation of 1972 edition of Cours de linguistique générale, originally published in 1916.)
Trombetti, Alfredo. 1905. L'unità d'origine del linguaggio. Bologna: Luigi Beltrami.
Trombetti, Alfredo. 1922-1923. Elementi di glottologia, 2 volumes. Bologna: Zanichelli.
Wells, Spencer. 2007. Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.
White, Tim D., B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G.D. Richards, G. Suwa, and F.C. Howell. 2003. "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia." （页面存档备份，存于） Nature 423:742–747.

外部連結

Genetic Distance and Language Affinities （页面存档备份，存于）
Babaev, Kirill. 2008. "Critics of the Nostratic theory", in Nostratica: Resources on Distant Language Relationship.

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