城市绿地
城市绿地為城市中用作公園或其他綠地的開放空間[1],世界衛生組織將其定義為「有任何植被覆蓋的城市土地」[2],可能伴隨著遊樂場、蓝色空间(水體或水道)等人工設施或自然景觀,有休憩、生態、美觀與健康等用途[2][3]。城市綠地有時為大學校園、社區花園等私人或機構的用地,但一般均對公眾開放,位於城市範圍以外的州立公園和國家公園則不屬於城市绿地。早在一世紀古羅馬即有(意指城市中的鄉村)的概念,將綠地融入城市規劃中[4][5],現代城市綠地則可追溯至十七至十八世紀英國倫敦的城市廣場[6]。
城市綠地可減緩地表逕流與熱島效應[7],還可降低空氣污染,對周圍社區的居民生理和心理健康有正面影響[8][9]。歷史上以弱勢族群為主的社區通常較缺乏綠地,為政策(如過去美國住宅政策中的紅線制度)與經濟不平等所致[10],近年的綠地規劃開始重視環境正義與社區參與[11]。清理污染與增設綠地可提升周圍住宅的價值,即環境縉紳化[12],但此過程也可能有負面影響,使弱勢族群無力負擔房價而被迫遷出[13][14]。
參見
- 空地保留區
- 綠帶
- 綠道
- 城市森林
- 城鎮公用綠地
參考文獻
- . United States Environmental Protection Agency. [2021-04-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-01).
- . UN City, Denmark: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. 2017.
- Jayasinghe, DBC; Hemakumara, GPTS; Hewage, P. (PDF). Sri Lanka Journal of Advanced Social Studies (Sri Lanka: NCAS). 2018, 7 (2): 3–24 [29 December 2020]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-30).
- . Urban Rambles. 2015-12-28 [2018-10-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-01).
- Giovagnorio, Ilaria; Usai, Daniela; Palmas, Alessandro; Chiri, Giovanni Marco. . Sustainable Cities and Society. July 2017, 32: 42–55. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.002.
- Lawrence, Henry W. . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. March 1993, 83 (1): 90–118. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01924.x.
- Zhanga, Yujia; Murray, Alan; Turner, B. . Landscape and Urban Planning. Sep 2017, 165: 162–171. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.009.
- Shishegar, Nastaran. . The International Journal of Environmental Sustainability. Jan 2013, 9 (1): 119–130. doi:10.18848/2325-1077/CGP/v09i01/55081.
- Maas, Jolanda; Verheij, Robert A.; Groenewegen, Peter P.; Vries, Sjerp de; Spreeuwenberg, Peter. . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 1 July 2006, 60 (7): 587–592. PMC 2566234 . PMID 16790830. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.043125.
- Rigolon, Alessandro; Németh, Jeremy. . Journal of Planning Education and Research. 25 July 2018: 0739456X1878925. doi:10.1177/0739456X18789251.
- . Sustainability Defined. [2020-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-30).
- Banzhaf, H. Spencer; McCormick, Eleanor. . NCEE Working Paper Series. 2006 [2021-04-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-19).
- Dooling, Sarah. . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 2009: 621–639.
- Sieg, Holger; Smith, V. Kerry; Banzhaf, H. Spencer; Walsh, Randall. . International Economic Review. 2004, 45 (4): 1047–77. doi:10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00297.x.
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