塔吉克族

塔吉克族
Тоҷик
塔吉克族 ; Тоҷик ;
	一名塔吉克族老人
總人口
	2100万
分佈地區
阿富汗	8,595,000 (2013)[1]
	6,410,000 (2013)[2]
;	1,420,000 (2013年); [3][4][5]
巴基斯坦	220,000[6]
俄羅斯	201,000[7]
美國	52,000[8]
	47,500[9]
中國	41,028[10]
加拿大	15,870[11]
烏克蘭	4,255[12]
語言
	波斯语; 表现为达利语和塔吉克语
宗教信仰
	伊斯兰教 (逊尼派, 主要为哈乃斐派; 部分什叶派) ，小部分祆教, 犹太教, 巴哈伊教和基督教.

塔吉克族（波斯語：‎，Tājīk；塔吉克語：），简称塔族，分为平原塔吉克人和高原塔吉克人两部分。分布于塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和阿富汗的「平原塔吉克人」有2000万人，属于印欧人种费尔干那短颅型与少量蒙古人种的突厥人混血，说西伊朗次语支波斯语的塔吉克语方言（有大量突厥语词汇，与波斯语能互通），信仰伊斯兰教逊尼派，自古以来基本从事定居农业。分布在阿富汗、巴控克什米尔、塔吉克斯坦东部和中国新疆西部等地的「高原塔吉克人」（即中国塔吉克族），属于高加索人种地中海类型，主要说东伊朗次语支帕米尔语诸方言，多数信仰伊斯兰教逊尼派，少数信仰伊斯兰教什叶派下的十二伊玛目派或伊斯玛仪派，历史上一直从事高原游牧，20世纪以前经常被叫做撒尔塔人，也称帕米尔人。帕米尔语与塔吉克语并不能互通。

历史

塔吉克族是一个古老民族，其族源可上溯到公元前分布于帕米尔东西操印欧语系东伊朗语族的塞種（高原塔吉克）。现主要分布在塔吉克共和國的是平原塔吉克人。“塔吉克”是本民族的自称（分平原塔吉克、高原塔吉克）。过去塔吉克族人以畜牧业为主，兼营农业，过着半游牧半定居的生活。数千年来，塔吉克人不断吸收东西方文化的精华，创造了自己颇具特色的历史与文明（分平原塔吉克、高原塔吉克）。

他们本来在河中地区佔多数，后许多部落被突厥人赶到帕米尔高原。

文化

塔吉克民族多数信仰伊斯兰教逊尼派（平原塔吉克），少数信仰伊斯兰教什叶派下的十二伊玛目派或伊斯玛仪派（高原塔吉克）。伊斯兰教对整个民族的思想道德、社会经济、日常生活都有着深刻的影响。大家庭的严格家教是以伊斯兰教的教义、教规为最高准则进行的。长辈们除要求后代子孙们严格遵守伊斯兰教的基本信仰，尊奉《古兰经》、圣训，履行有关宗教功课外，还要求按伊斯兰教的道德规范行善做好事。塔吉克族有自己的语言文字（平原塔吉克）。其中中国境内的高原塔吉克人基本上信仰什叶派，没有文字，普遍使用维吾尔文。塔吉克民族在河中的撒馬爾罕與布哈拉在佔多數人口，因此蘇聯把它們割讓給烏茲別克人時，塔吉克人一直高喊要取回聖地。

塔吉克族女孩

分布

中国塔吉克族人口分布

中華人民共和國境内的塔吉克族，其实是操伊朗语族帕米尔语支色勒库尔语和瓦罕语的高原塔吉克人，与塔吉克斯坦的塔吉克族（平原塔吉克人）有很大区别，双方都认为自己是塔吉克人。中国塔吉克族主要分布在新疆维吾尔自治区西南部的塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县，少数散居在该县以东的莎车、泽普、叶城、皮山等塔里木盆地西部边缘地区，人口约为5.1万人（2010年）

中华人民共和国第五次全国人口普查（2000年）各地塔吉克族人口列表(普查时点人口，单位：人)[13]

位次	地区	总人口	塔吉克族	占塔吉克族人口比例（%）	占地区少数民族人口比例（%）	占地区人口比例（%）
	合计	1,245,110,826	41,056	100	0.0390	0.00330
	31省份合计	1,242,612,226	41,028	99.93	0.0390	0.00330
G1	西北地区	89,258,221	39,614	96.49	0.2269	0.04438
G2	中南地区	350,658,477	482	1.17	0.0016	0.00014
G3	华东地区	358,849,244	328	0.80	0.0131	0.00009
G4	西南地区	193,085,172	272	0.66	0.0008	0.00014
G5	华北地区	145,896,933	210	0.51	0.0024	0.00014
G6	东北地区	104,864,179	122	0.30	0.0011	0.00012
1	新疆	18,459,511	39,493	96.190	0.3600	0.21394
2	重庆	30,512,763	177	0.43	0.0090	0.00058
3	广西	43,854,538	135	0.33	0.0008	0.00031
4	湖南	63,274,173	105	0.26	0.0016	0.00017
5	甘肃	25,124,282	99	0.24	0.0045	0.00039
6	安徽	58,999,948	98	0.240	0.0246	0.00017
7	广东	85,225,007	95	0.23	0.0075	0.00011
8	山西	32,471,242	94	0.23	0.0911	0.00029
9	山东	89,971,789	81	0.20	0.0128	0.00009
10	黑龙江	36,237,576	73	0.18	0.0041	0.00020
11	河南	91,236,854	73	0.18	0.0064	0.00008
12	四川	82,348,296	58	0.14	0.0014	0.00007
13	江西	40,397,598	57	0.14	0.0453	0.00014
14	辽宁	41,824,412	46	0.11	0.0007	0.00011
15	江苏	73,043,577	39	0.09	0.0150	0.00005
16	海南	7,559,035	38	0.09	0.0029	0.00050
17	湖北	59,508,870	36	0.09	0.0014	0.00006
18	河北	66,684,419	35	0.090	0.0012	0.00005
19	天津	9,848,731	30	0.07	0.0112	0.00031
20	内蒙	23,323,347	29	0.07	0.0006	0.00012
21	上海	16,407,734	24	0.06	0.0231	0.00015
22	北京	13,569,194	22	0.05	0.0038	0.00016
23	福建	34,097,947	22	0.05	0.0038	0.00007
24	云南	42,360,089	17	0.04	0.0001	0.00004
25	贵州	35,247,695	16	0.04	0.0001	0.00005
26	青海	4,822,963	15	0.04	0.0007	0.00031
27	浙江	45,930,651	7	0.02	0.0018	0.00002
28	陕西	35,365,072	7	0.02	0.0040	0.00002
29	西藏	2,616,329	4	0.01	0.0002	0.00015
30	吉林	26,802,191	3	0.01	0.0001	0.00001
	宁夏	5,486,393
	现役军人	2,498,600	28	0.07	0.0251	0.00112

参考文献

. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2012-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-20）.
. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. May 5, 2010 [2010-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.
Richard Foltz. . Central Asian Survey. 1996, 15 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1080/02634939608400946.
Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7%(Foltz 1996;213; Carlisle 1995:88).
Lena Jonson (1976) "Tajikistan in the New Central Asia", I.B.Tauris, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 3% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. . UNHCR. 2002-10-01 [2012-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-19）.
Russian 2010 Census results; see also Ethnic groups in Russia
This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people from Afghanistan the United States is estimated as 80,414 (2005). United States Census Bureau. . [2008-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-12）. Of this number, approximately 65% are Tajiks according to a group of American researchers (Barbara Robson, Juliene Lipson, Farid Younos, Mariam Mehdi). Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups" 的存檔，存档日期2010-01-27. The Afghans – their history and culture Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., OCLC 56081073 （页面存档备份，存于）.
(PDF). [2012-06-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-19）.
. Artwork-cn.com. [2012-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-21）.
This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census. Tajiks make up an estimated 27% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada （页面存档备份，存于）.
State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census （页面存档备份，存于） (Ukrainian)
中华人民共和国国家统计局：2000年第五次人口普查数据（页面存档备份，存于）

外部链接

参见

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[CIA-af-1] . The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). [2012-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-20）.

[CIA-tj-2] . The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. May 5, 2010 [2010-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）.

[Foltz-3] Richard Foltz. . Central Asian Survey. 1996, 15 (2): 213–216. doi:10.1080/02634939608400946.

[Karl_Cordell_1999._pg_201-4] Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7%(Foltz 1996;213; Carlisle 1995:88).

[Lena_Jonson_2006._pg_108-5] Lena Jonson (1976) "Tajikistan in the New Central Asia", I.B.Tauris, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 3% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."

[Tajiks_in_Pakistan-6] United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. . UNHCR. 2002-10-01 [2012-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-19）.

[7] Russian 2010 Census results; see also Ethnic groups in Russia

[8] This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people from Afghanistan the United States is estimated as 80,414 (2005). United States Census Bureau. . [2008-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-12）. Of this number, approximately 65% are Tajiks according to a group of American researchers (Barbara Robson, Juliene Lipson, Farid Younos, Mariam Mehdi). Robson, Barbara and Lipson, Juliene (2002) "Chapter 5(B)- The People: The Tajiks and Other Dari-Speaking Groups" 的存檔，存档日期2010-01-27. The Afghans – their history and culture Cultural Orientation Resource Center, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C., OCLC 56081073 （页面存档备份，存于）.

[ethnic-9] (PDF). [2012-06-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-02-19）.

[10] . Artwork-cn.com. [2012-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-21）.

[11] This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan. The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census. Tajiks make up an estimated 27% of the population of Afghanistan. The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures. Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada （页面存档备份，存于）.

[12] State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census （页面存档备份，存于） (Ukrainian)

[13] 中华人民共和国国家统计局：2000年第五次人口普查数据（页面存档备份，存于）