墨头鱼属

墨頭魚屬（学名：Garra）为輻鰭魚綱鯉形目鲤科[1]野鲮亚科（Labeoninae）[2][3]的一個屬，常用於水族缸內以清除缸內生長的藍藻。儘管本屬物種的絕大部份（超過100個物種）原生於亞洲，當中有五分之一物種分佈於非洲（但只限於東中及西非，不包括北非及南部非洲），當中以埃塞俄比亞的物種多樣性最高。

墨头鱼属
Garra rufa
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 綱 Actinopteri
目： 鲤形目 Cypriniformes
科： 鲤科 Cyprinidae
亚科： 野鲮亚科 Labeoninae
属： 墨头鱼属 Garra
F. Hamilton, 1822
模式種
Garra rufa
Heckel, 1843
異名

Ageneiogarra Garman, 1912
Brachygramma Day, 1865
Discognathichthys Bleeker, 1860
Discognathus Heckel, 1843
Lissorhynchus Bleeker, 1860
Mayoa Day, 1870
Placocheilus Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen & He, 1977
Platycara McClelland, 1838

本屬由蘇格蘭自然學家弗朗西斯·布坎南-汉密尔顿（）於1822年建立，作為鯉屬之下的一個亞屬，未有指定模式屬。

物種
Garra blanfordii
Garra cambodgiensis resembles to Crossocheilus siamensis
Garra makiensis

現時本屬有物種122種，分別如下：

  • Garra abhoyai Hora, 1921
  • 埃塞俄比亚墨头鱼 Garra aethiopica Pellegrin, 1927
  • 異口墨頭魚 Garra allostoma T. R. Roberts, 1990
  • 高体墨头鱼 Garra alticorpora Chu et Cui
  • Garra alticaputus Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013[4]
  • 安氏墨頭魚 Garra annandalei Hora, 1921(Annandale garra)
  • Garra apogon Norman, 1925
  • Garra arunachalensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013[5]
  • Garra arupi Nebeshwar, Vishwanath & D. N. Das, 2009[6]
  • 巴氏墨頭魚 Garra barreimiae Fowler & Steinitz, 1956
    • Garra barreimiae barreimiae Fowler & Steinitz, 1956
    • Garra barreimiae shawkahensis Banister & M. A. Clarke, 1977
  • Garra bibarbatus V. H. Nguyễn, 2001
  • 雙角墨頭魚 Garra bicornuta Narayan Rao, 1920(Tunga garra)
  • Garra bimaculacauda Thoni, Gurung & Mayden, 2016 [6]
  • Garra birostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013[5]
  • Garra bisangularis Z. M. Chen, X. Y. Wu & H. Xiao, 2010
  • 双刺墨头鱼 Garra bispinosa E. Zhang, 2005
  • Garra blanfordii Boulenger, 1901
  • 博尼墨頭魚 Garra borneensis Vaillant, 1902
  • Garra bourreti Pellegrin, 1928
  • Garra buettikeri Krupp, 1983
  • 条纹墨头鱼 Garra cambodgiensis Tirant, 1883(Cambodian logsucker),坎寶墨頭魚
  • 紋尾盆唇魚 Garra caudofasciatus
  • 斯里蘭卡墨頭魚 Garra ceylonensis Bleeker, 1863(Ceylon logsucker)
  • Garra chakpiensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2015[7]
  • Garra chebera Habteselassie, Mikschi, Ahnelt & Waidbacher, 2010
  • Garra compressus Kosygin & Vishwanath, 1998
  • 剛果墨頭魚 Garra congoensis Poll, 1959(Congo logsucker)
  • 缺鬚盆唇魚 Garra cryptonemus
  • Garra cyclostomata Đ. Y. Mai, 1978
  • Garra cyrano Kottelat, 2000
  • Garra dampaensis Lalronunga, Lalnuntluanga & Lalramliana, 2013[8]
  • Garra dembecha Getahun & Stiassny, 2007
  • 登比墨頭魚 Garra dembeensis Rüppell, 1835(Cameroon logsucker)
  • Garra dulongensis
  • 鄧氏墨頭魚 Garra dunsirei Banister, 1987
  • Garra duobarbis Getahun & Stiassny, 2007
  • 長身墨頭魚 Garra elongata Vishwanath & Kosygin, 2000
  • Garra emarginata Kurup & Radhakrishnan, 2011[9]
  • 埃氏墨頭魚 Garra ethelwynnae Menon, 1958
  • 條尾墨頭魚 Garra fasciacauda Fowler, 1937
  • 裂唇墨头鱼 Garra findolabium F. L. Li, W. Zhou & Q. Fu, 2008
  • 費氏墨頭魚 Garra fisheri Fowler, 1937
  • 熊貓墨頭魚 Garra flavatra S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • Garra fluviatilis Kangrang, Thoni, Mayden & Beamish, 2016[10]
  • 泰國墨頭魚 Garra fuliginosa Fowler, 1934
  • Garra geba Getahun & Stiassny, 2007
  • 約旦墨頭魚 Garra ghorensis Krupp, 1982(Jordanian logsucker)
  • Garra gotyla J. E. Gray, 1830
    • 戈泰墨頭魚 Garra gotyla gotyla J. E. Gray, 1830(Sucker head)
    • Garra gotyla stenorhynchus Jerdon, 1849(Nilgiris garra)
  • 細墨頭魚 Garra gracilis Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936
  • 沟额墨头鱼 Garra gravelyi Annandale, 1919
  • 海南墨头鱼 Garra hainanensis Y. R. Chen & C. Y. Zheng, 1983
  • Garra hindii Boulenger, 1905
  • 休氏墨頭魚 Garra hughi Silas, 1955(Cardamon garra)
  • 伊氏墨頭魚 Garra ignestii Gianferrari, 1925
  • Garra imbarbatus V. H. Nguyễn, 2001
  • 無鬚墨頭魚 Garra imberba Garman, 1912，高体墨头鱼
  • 無髯墨頭魚 Garra imberbis Vinciguerra, 1890
  • Garra incisorbis Zheng, Yang & Chen, 2016[11]
  • Garra jaldhakaensis Kosygin, Shangningam, Singh & Das, 2021[12]
  • 乔丹墨头鱼 Garra jordanica Hamidan, Geiger & Freyhof, 2014[13]
  • 克拉肯德墨頭魚 Garra kalakadensis Rema Devi, 1993
  • Garra kalpangi Nebeshwar, Bagra & D. N. Das, 2012[14]
  • 西藏墨头鱼 Garra kempi Hora, 1921(Kemp garra)
  • Garra khawbungi Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2014[15]
  • Garra kimini Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013[4]
  • 越南墨頭魚 Garra laichowensis V. H. Nguyễn & L. H. Doan, 1969
  • 墨头鱼 Garra lamta F. Hamilton, 1822
  • 蘭克墨頭魚 Garra lancrenonensis Blache & Miton, 1960
  • Garra lautior Banister, 1987
  • 裸吻墨頭魚 Garra lissorhynchus McClelland, 1842(Khasi garra)
  • 利頓河墨頭魚 Garra litanensis Vishwanath, 1993
  • 長鰭墨頭魚 Garra longipinnis Banister & M. A. Clarke, 1977
  • Garra lorestanensis Mousavi-Sabet & Eagderi, 2016[16]
  • Garra magnidiscus Tamang, 2013[17]
  • 密金墨頭魚 Garra makiensis Boulenger, 1904
  • Garra mamshuqa Krupp, 1983
  • 曼尼普河墨頭魚 Garra manipurensis Vishwanath & Sarojnalini, 1988
  • 麥氏墨頭魚 Garra mcclellandi Jerdon, 1849(Cauvery garra)
  • Garra menoni Rema Devi & Indra, 1984
  • 小垫墨头鱼 Garra micropulvinus W. Zhou, X. F. Pan & Kottelat, 2005
  • Garra minimus Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013[4]
  • 奇额墨头鱼 Garra mirofrontis X. L. Chu & G. H. Cui, 1987
  • Garra mlapparaensis Kurup & Radhakrishnan, 2011[9]
  • 馬耶墨頭魚 Garra mullya Sykes, 1839(Mullya garra)
  • 那加墨頭魚 Garra naganensis Hora, 1921(Naga garra)
  • Garra nambulica Vishwanath & Joyshree, 2005
  • Garra namyaensis Shangningam & Vishwanath, 2012[18][19]
  • 長鬚墨頭魚 Garra nasuta McClelland, 1838(Nose logsucker)
  • Garra nethravathiensis Arunachalam & Nandagopal, 2014[20]
  • Garra nigricauda Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013[4]
  • Garra nigricollis S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • 顯赫墨頭魚 Garra notata Blyth, 1860(Tenasserim garra)
  • Garra nujiangensis Z. M. Chen, S. Zhao & J. X. Yang, 2009
  • 东方墨头鱼 Garra orientalis Nichols, 1925
  • 飾妝墨頭魚 Garra ornata Nichols & Griscom, 1917
  • Garra palaruvica Arunachalam, Raja, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013[21]
  • Garra panitvongi Tangjitjaroen, Randall, Tongnunui, Boyd & Page, 2023 [22]
  • Garra paralissorhynchus Vishwanath & Shanta Devi, 2005
  • Garra parastenorhynchus Thoni, Gurung & Mayden, 2016 [6]
  • Garra periyarensis Gopi, 2001
  • 伊朗墨頭魚 Garra persica L. S. Berg, 1914
  • 菲氏墨頭魚 Garra phillipsi Deraniyagala, 1933(Philipps' garra)
  • Garra pingi
    • 墨头鱼 Garra pingi subsp. pingi Tchang
  • Garra poecilura S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • Garra poilanei Petit & T. L. Tchang, 1933
  • Garra propulvinus S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • 桥街墨头鱼 Garra qiaojiensis H. W. Wu & Yao, 1977
  • Garra quadratirostris Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013[5]
  • 四斑墨頭魚 Garra quadrimaculata Rüppell, 1835：又稱蒂巴墨頭魚。
  • Garra rakhinica S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • Garra regressus Getahun & Stiassny, 2007
  • Garra rezai Mousavi-Sabet, Eagderi, Saemi-Komsari, Kaya & Freyhof, 2022[23]
  • 羅氏墨頭魚 Garra robertsi R. J. Thoni & Mayden, 2015[24]
  • 露西卡墨頭魚 Garra rossica A. M. Nikolskii, 1900
  • 圆鼻墨头鱼 Garra rotundinasus E. Zhang, 2006
  • 淡红墨头鱼 Garra rufa Heckel, 1843(Reddish logsucker)
  • 岩間墨頭魚 Garra rupecula McClelland, 1839(Mishmi garra)
  • Garra sahilia Krupp, 1983
  • Garra sahilia gharbia Krupp, 1983
  • Garra sahilia sahilia Krupp, 1983
  • 萨尔温墨头鱼 Garra salweenica Hora & Mukerji, 1934
  • Garra smarti Krupp & Budd, 2009
  • 雜斑墨头鱼 Garra spilota S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • Garra surendranathanii Shaji, Arun & Easa, 1996
  • Garra surinbinnani [25]
  • 条纹墨头鱼 Garra taeniata Smith
  • Garra tana Getahun & Stiassny, 2007
  • 腾冲墨头鱼 Garra tengchongensis E. Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2002
  • Garra tashanensis Mousavi-Sabet, Vatandoust, Fatemi & Eagderi, 2016[26]
  • Garra theunensis Kottelat, 1998
  • Garra tibanica Trewavas, 1941[13]
  • 特氏墨頭魚 Garra trewavasai Monod, 1950
  • Garra tyao Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2014[15]
  • Garra ukhrulensis Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2015[7]
  • Garra variabilis Heckel, 1843
  • Garra vittatula S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004
  • Garra waensis Lothongkham, Arbsuwan & Musikasinthorn, 2014[27]
  • 旺氏墨頭魚 Garra wanae Regan, 1914
  • 瓦氏墨頭魚 Garra waterloti Pellegrin, 1935
  • 彝良墨头鱼 Garra yiliangensis H. W. Wu & Q. Z. Chen, 1977，宜良墨頭魚

参考文獻
  1. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2011). Garra ignestii. FishBase. Version 2011-12.
  2. . 科学网. 2010-12-06 [2010-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
  3. Zheng, Lan-Ping; Yang, Jun-Xing; Chen, Xiao-Yong; Wang, Wei-Ying. . Zoologica Scripta. 2010-11, 39 (6): 559–571 [2021-10-09]. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2010.00441.x. （原始内容存档于2021-10-09） （英语）.
  4. Arunachalam, M., Nandagopal, S. & Mayden, R.L. (2013): Morphological diagnoses of Garra (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from North-Eastern India with four new species description from Brahmaputra River. Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 4 (3): 121-138.
  5. Nebeshwar, K. & Vishwanath, W. (2013): Three new species of Garra (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from north-eastern India and redescription of G. gotyla. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (2): 97-120.
  6. Thoni, R. j., Dhan B. Gurung & R. L. Mayden. 2016. A Review of the Genus Garra Hamilton 1822 of Bhutan, including the Descriptions of Two New Species and Three Additional Records (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa. 4169(1): 115–132. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4169.1.5
  7. Nebeshwar, K. & Vishwanath, W. (2015): Two new species of Garra (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Chindwin River basin in Manipur, India, with notes on some nominal Garra species of the Himalayan foothills. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (4): 305-321.
  8. Lalronunga, S., Lalnuntluanga & Lalramliana (2013): Garra dampaensis, a new ray-finned fish species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Mizoram, northeastern India. （页面存档备份，存于） Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5 (9): 4368–4377.
  9. Kurup, B.M. & Radhakrishnan, K.V. (2011): Two new cyprinid fishes under the genus Garra (Hamilton) from Kerala, Southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 107 (3) [2010]: 220-223.
  10. Kangrang, Punnatut, R. j. Thoni, Richard L. Mayden and F. W. H. Beamish. 2016. Garra fluviatilis, A New Hillstream Fish Species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Kwai Noi River system, Mae Khlong basin, Thailand. Zootaxa. 4175(4); 335–344. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4175.4.3
  11. Lan-Ping Zheng, Jun-Xing Yang and Xiao-Yong Chen. 2016. Garra incisorbis, A New Species of Labeonine from Pearl River Basin in Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 26(4); 299-303
  12. Laishram Kosygin, Bungdon Shangningam, Pratima Singh and Ujjal Das. 2021. Garra jaldhakaensis, A New Cyprinid Fish (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from West Bengal, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India: A Journal of Indian Zoology [Rec. zool. Surv. India]. 121(3); 325–331. DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v121/i3/2021/158415
  13. Hamidan, N.A., Geiger, M.F. & Freyhof, J. (2014): Garra jordanica, a new species from the Dead Sea basin with remarks on the relationship of G. ghorensis, G. tibanica and G. rufa (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (3): 223-236.
  14. Nebeshwar, K., Bagra, K. & Das, D.N. (2012): Garra kalpangi, a new cyprinid fish species (Pisces: Teleostei) from upper Brahmaputra basin in Arunachal Pradesh, India. （页面存档备份，存于） Journal of Threatened Taxa, 4 (2): 2353–2362.
  15. Arunachalam, M., Nandagopal, S. & Mayden, R.L. (2014): Two new Species of Garra from Mizoram, India (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and A General Comparative Analyses of Indian Garra. Species, 10 (24): 58-78.
  16. Hamed MOUSAVI-SABET and Soheil EAGDERI. 2016. Garra lorestanensis, A New Cave Fish from the Tigris River Drainage with Remarks on the Subterranean Fishes in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa. (2016) 1: 45-54 .
  17. Tamang, L. (2013): Garra magnidiscus, a new species of cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (1): 31-40.
  18. Shangningam, B. & Vishwanath, W. (2012): A New Species of the Genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 from the Chindwin Basin of Manipur, India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Labeoninae). International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN Zoology), 2012: 1-6.
  19. Shangningam, B. & Vishwanath, W. (2012): Validation of Garra namyaensis Shangningam & Vishwanath, 2012 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Labeoninae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (1): 10-10.
  20. Arunachalam, M. & Nandagopal, S. (2014): A New Species of the Genus Garra Hamilton, (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Nethravathi River, Western Ghats, India. Species, 10 (24): 43-57.
  21. Arunachalam, M., Raja, M., Nandagopal, S. & Mayden, R.L. (2013): Garra palaruvica, a new cyprinid fish (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Kerala, Western Ghats, peninsular India. （页面存档备份，存于） International Journal of Zoology Research, 3 (1): 62-68.
  22. Weerapongse Tangjitjaroen, Zachary S. Randall, Sampan Tongnunui, David A. Boyd and Lawrence M. Page. 2023. Species of Garra (Cyprinidae: Labeoninae) in the Salween River Basin with Description of An Enigmatic New Species from the Ataran River Drainage of Thailand and Myanmar. Zootaxa. 5311(3); 375-392. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.3.3
  23. Hamed Mousavi-Sabet, Soheil Eagderi, Maryam Saemi-Komsari, Cüneyt Kaya and Jörg Freyhof. 2022. Garra rezai, A New Species from Two Widely Disjunct Areas in the Tigris Drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa. 5195(5); 419-436. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5195.5.2
  24. Thoni, R.J. & Mayden, R.L. (2015): Garra robertsi, a new cyprinid (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fish species from Borneo. Zootaxa, 3985 (2): 284–290.
  25. Lawrence M. Page, Brandon C. Ray, Sampan Tongnunui, David A. Boyd and Zachary S. Randall. 2019. Garra surinbinnani, A New Species of Labeonine from the Mae Khlong basin of Thailand (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. IEF-1117. DOI: 10.23788/IEF-1117
  26. Hamed Mousavi-Sabet, Saber Vatandoust, Yaser Fatemi and Soheil Eagderi. 2016. Tashan Cave a new cave fish locality for Iran; and Garra tashanensis, A New Blind Species from the Tigris River Drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa. (3); 133-148. fishtaxa.com/index.php/ft/article/view/1-3-3
  27. Lothongkham, A., Arbsuwan, S. & Musikasinthorn, P. (2014): Garra waensis, a new cyprinid fish (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) from the Nan River basin of the Chao Phraya River system, northern Thailand. Zootaxa, 3790 (4): 543–554.

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