天麻属

天麻属（学名：Gastrodia），又名赤箭屬，是兰科下的一个属，为腐生兰。该属共有约20种，分布于东亚、马来西亚至大洋洲。[1]其中天麻具有重要的药用价值，许多物种是研究兰科植物与菌类协同进化的重要材料。

天麻属
天麻 Gastrodia elata
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 单子叶植物 Monocots
目： 天門冬目 Asparagales
科： 蘭科 Orchidaceae
亚科： 樹蘭亞科 Epidendroideae
族： 天麻族 Gastrodieae
亚族： 天麻亚族 Gastrodiinae
属： 天麻属 Gastrodia
R.Br., 1810
种

见正文

下属物种

本属包括以下物种：[2]

  • Gastrodia abscondita
  • 非洲天麻 Gastrodia africana
  • Gastrodia agnicellus Hermans & P.J.Cribb, 2020，发现于马达加斯加
  • 无喙天麻 Gastrodia albida T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo
  • 长果梗天麻 Gastrodia albidoides Y. H. Tan & T. C. Hsu
  • Gastrodia amamiana Suetsugu[3]
  • 原天麻 Gastrodia angusta S. Chow & S. C. Chen
  • Gastrodia antennifera Blume, 1856
  • 台湾天麻 Gastrodia appendiculata C. S. Leou & N. J. Chung
  • Gastrodia arunachalensis S.N.Hegde & A.N.Rao, 1985
  • 秋天麻 Gastrodia autumnalis T.P.Lin, 1987
  • Gastrodia bambu Metusala[4]
  • 霸王岭天麻 Gastrodia bawanglingensis [5]
  • Gastrodia boninensis
  • 緋赤箭 Gastrodia callosa
  • 閉花赤箭 Gastrodia clausa T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung & C. M. Kuo ，闭花天麻
  • Gastrodia celebica
  • 八代天麻 Gastrodia confusa Honda & Tuyama
  • 擬八代天麻 Gastrodia confusoides T. C. Hsu, S. W. Chung & C. M. Kuo
  • Gastrodia crassisepala
  • Gastrodia crebriflora
  • Gastrodia crispa J.J.Sm., 1921
  • Gastrodia cunninghamii Hook.f., 1853
  • 大名山天麻 Gastrodia damingshanensis A. Q. Hu & T. C. Hsu
  • Gastrodia dioscoreirrhiza
  • 白花天麻 Gastrodia dyeriana King & Pantl.，高山天麻
  • 天麻 Gastrodia elata Blume
    • 松天麻 Gastrodia elata f. alba
    • 红天麻 Gastrodia elata f. elata
    • 黄天麻 Gastrodia elata f. flavida
    • 乌天麻 Gastrodia elata f. glauca
    • 绿天麻 Gastrodia elata f. viridis
  • Gastrodia entomogama D.L.Jones, 1991
  • Gastrodia exilis
  • Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., 1998
  • Gastrodia fimbriata
  • 夏天麻 Gastrodia flavilabella S. S. Ying
  • 摺柱赤箭 Gastrodia flexistyla T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo，折柱天麻
  • Gastrodia foetida
  • 春天麻 Gastrodia fontinalis T. P. Lin
  • 福建天麻 Gastrodia fujianensis Liang Ma, Xin Y. Chen & S. P. Chen
  • 细天麻 Gastrodia gracilis Blume
  • Gastrodia grandilabris
  • Gastrodia gunatillekeorum Bandara, Priyankara & Kumar[6]
  • Gastrodia hasseltii Blume, 1856，为Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.的异名
  • Gastrodia hayatae Tuyama, 1941，为Gastrodia exilis Hook.f.的异名
  • Gastrodia hectori Buchanan, 1887，为Prasophyllum hectorii (Buchanan) Molloy, D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.的异名
  • 冬天麻 Gastrodia hiemalis T.P.Lin, 1987
  • Gastrodia holttumii Carr, 1929
  • Gastrodia huapingensis Huang, Hu, Hsu et Liu, 2015[7]
  • 南天麻 Gastrodia javanica (Blume) Lindl.
  • 克钦天麻 Gastrodia kachinensis [8]
  • 高雄天麻 Gastrodia kaoshiungensis T. P. Lin
  • Gastrodia kuroshimensis Suetsugu[9]
  • Gastrodia lacista
  • Gastrodia leucopetala Colenso, 1885，为Gastrodia cunninghamii Hook.f.的异名。
  • Gastrodia longiflora Suetsugu[10]
  • 海南天麻 Gastrodia longitubularis Q. W. Meng, X. Q. Song & Y. B. Luo
  • Gastrodia lutea Fukuy.
  • 马达加斯加天麻 Gastrodia madagascariensis H.Perrier ex Martos & Bytebier [11]
  • Gastrodia mairei Schltr., 1913
  • 马来亚天麻 Gastrodia malayana Ridl., 1907
  • 勐海天麻 Gastrodia menghaiensis Z. H. Tsi & S. C. Chen
  • 小天麻 Gastrodia minor
  • Gastrodia munasinghae Atthanagoda, C.Bandara & Kumara[12]
  • 南投天麻 Gastrodia nantoensis T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo ex T. P. Lin
  • 日本赤箭 Gastrodia nipponica (Honda) Tuyama, 1939，基异名为Didymoplexis nipponica Honda
  • 冲绳天麻 Gastrodia okinawensis Suetsugu[13]
  • Gastrodia orobanchoides (Falc.) Hook.f., Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.，为Gastrodia falconeri D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.的异名
  • Gastrodia ovata F.M.Bailey, 1901，为Cheirostylis ovata (F.M.Bailey) Schltr.的异名
  • Gastrodia pallens (Griff.) F.Muell., 1873，同模异名为：Didymoplexis pallens Griff.
  • 巴布亚天麻 Gastrodia papuana Schltr., 1911
  • 北插天天麻 Gastrodia peichatieniana S. S. Ying
  • Gastrodia procera G.W.Carr, 1991
  • 冬赤箭 Gastrodia pubilabiata Sawa，冬天麻
  • 白点天麻 Gastrodia punctata Aver. [14]
  • Gastrodia pushparaga [15]
  • 葡萄天麻 Gastrodia putaoensis [16]
  • 青云山天麻 Gastrodia qingyunshanensis Jiu X. Huang, H. Xu & H. J. Yang, 2021[17]
  • 昆士兰天麻 Gastrodia queenslandica Dockrill, 1964
  • 红宝石天麻 Gastrodia rubinea T. P. Lin
  • Gastrodia schinziana Kraenzl., Kraenzl.
  • Gastrodia selabintanensis Tsukaya & A.Hidayat[18]
  • Gastrodia sesamoides R.Br., 1810
  • Gastrodia shikokiana Makino，名称已修订，正名是：叠鞘兰 Chamaegastrodia shikokiana
  • 清水氏赤箭 Gastrodia shimizuana Tuyama，叉脊天麻
  • 暹罗天麻 Gastrodia siamensis Rolfe ex Downie, 1925，异名：Gastrodia exilis Hook.f.
  • Gastrodia stapfii Hayata
  • 蘇氏赤箭 Gastrodia sui C. S. Leou, T. C. Hsu & C. L. Yeh，屏东天麻
  • Gastrodia surcula D.L.Jones
  • Gastrodia taiensis Tuyama, 1941
  • 台湾天麻 Gastrodia taiwaniana Fukuy., 1934
  • Gastrodia takeshimensis Suetsugu[19]
  • 短柱赤箭 Gastrodia theana Aver.，短柱天麻
  • Gastrodia thilakapremae Atthanagoda, C.Bandara & Kumara[12]
  • 疣天麻 Gastrodia tuberculata F. Y. Liu & S. C. Chen
  • 烏來赤箭 Gastrodia uraiensis T. C. Hsu & C. M. Kuo，乌来天麻
  • Gastrodia urceolata D.L.Jones
  • Gastrodia verrucosa Blume
  • Gastrodia vescula D.L.Jones
  • 武夷山天麻 Gastrodia wuyishanensis D. M. Li & C. D. Liu
  • 锡兰天麻 Gastrodia zeylanica Schltr.
杂交种：
  • Gastrodia ×nippouraiensis Suetsugu & T.C.Hsu

参考文献
  1. . 中国数字植物标本馆. [2012-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-11）.
  2. . GBIF. [2022-11-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-14）.
  3. Kenji Suetsugu. 2019. Gastrodia amamiana (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Gastrodieae), A New Completely Cleistogamous Species from Japan. Phytotaxa. 413(3); 225–230. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.413.3.3
  4. Destario Metusala and Jatna Supriatna. 2017. Gastrodia bambu (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae), A New Species from Java, Indonesia. Phytotaxa. 317(3); 211–218. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.317.3.5
  5. . GBIF. [2023-03-28]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-28）.
  6. Champika Bandara, Theja Priyankara, Anusha G. Atthanagoda, Tithira Lakkana, Sisira Ediriweera and Pankaj Kumar. 2020. Gastrodia gunatillekeorum (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae), A New Species from A Lowland Rainforest of Sri Lanka. Phytotaxa. 436(1); 55–62. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.436.1.5
  7. Xin-Yi Huang, Ai-Qun Hu, Tian-Chuan Hsu and Yan Liu. 2015. Gastrodia huapingensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae): A Remarkable New Mycoheterotrophic Orchid with dimorphic columns from China. Phytotaxa. 222(4); 290-294. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.222.4.7
  8. . NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
  9. Kenji Suetsugu. 2016. Gastrodia kuroshimensis (Orchidaceae), A New Mycoheterotrophic and Complete Cleistogamous Plant from Japan. Phytotaxa. 278(3); 265–272. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.278.3.6
  10. Kenji Suetsugu. 2021. Gastrodia longiflora (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae: Gastrodieae), A New Mycoheterotrophic Species from Ishigaki Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa. 502(1); 107–110. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.502.1.9
  11. Florent Martos, Steven D Johnson and Benny Bytebier. 2015. Gastrodia madagascariensis (Gastrodieae, Orchidaceae): from An Historical Designation to A Description of A New Species from Madagascar. Phytotaxa. 221(1): 48–56. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.221.1.4
  12. Champika Bandara, Anusha Gayan Atthanagoda, Nadeesha Lewke Bandara and Pankaj Kumar. 2023. The Study of the Tribe Gastrodieae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) in Sri Lanka I: Two New Species of Gastrodia. Phytotaxa. 622(2); 115-130. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.622.2.2
  13. Kenji Suetsugu. 2017. Two New Species of Gastrodia (Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Phytotaxa. 302(3); 251-258. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.302.3.4
  14. 嘉道理农场暨植物园 香港大学生物科学学院 中国医学科学院药用植物研究所海南分所 ; 海南霸王岭国家级自然保护区 | 卢刚 胡爱群 肖艳，中国兰科天麻属一新记录种——白点天麻
  15. . Phytotaxa. [2023-03-18].
  16. . NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
  17. Shi Shi, Haijun Yang, Xuefen Wei, Qianyu Liang, Xindong Yang, Xianxing Zeng, Chonglin Xie, Liubao Chen, Qinghua Huang, Guohong Zeng, Zhurong Jiang, Han Xu and Jiuxiang Huang. 2021. Gastrodia qingyunshanensis (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae)—A New holomycotrophic Orchid from Guangdong, China. Phytotaxa. 483(2); 177–182. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.483.2.10
  18. Hirokazu Tsukaya and Arief Hidayat. 2016. A New Species of Gastrodia (Orchidaceae: Gastrodieae, Epidendroideae) from Java. Phytotaxa 273 (1): 77–80. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.273.1.9
  19. Kenji Suetsugu. 2013. Gastrodia takeshimensis (Orchidaceae), A New Mycoheterotrophic Species from Japan. Annales Botanici Fennici. 50(6):375-378. DOI: 10.5735/085.050.0613
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