富拉尼聖戰

富拉尼聖戰（阿拉伯语：‎ ）是18世纪和19世纪西非境內发生的一系列吉哈德，富拉尼聖戰主要由信仰伊斯蘭教的富拉尼人领导。這些通過富拉尼聖戰建立的國家後來都被歐洲人擊敗。[1][2]

1830年，西非境內通過富拉尼聖戰建立的穆斯林國家

参考文献
  1. Shillington (2012).
  2. Hawthorne, Walter. . Cambridge University Press. 2010-09-13: 70. ISBN 9780521764094 （英语）.

參考書目
  • Curtin, Philip D. . Journal of African History. 1971, 12 (1): 11–24. S2CID 162679179. doi:10.1017/S0021853700000049.
  • Keddie, Nikkie R. . Jack A. Goldstone (编). . Routledge. : 265–66.
  • Last, Murray. . J. F. A. Ajayi; M. Crowder (编). 2. Longman. 1974: 1–29.
  • Lovejoy, Paul E. . Ohio University Press. 2016.
  • Robinson, David. . N. Levtzion; R. Pouwels (编). . Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. 2000: 131–152. ISBN 9780821444610.
  • Shillington, Kevin. 3rd. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012.
  • Smith, H. F. C. . Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 1961, 2 (2): 169–85.
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