方济各会
方济各会(義大利語:)又稱方濟會或小兄弟会,或译法兰西斯会、佛蘭西斯會是一個跟隨聖方濟亞西西教導及靈修方式的修會,是天主教托钵修会派别之一。其拉丁语會名稱為「」(簡寫為),是「小兄弟会」的意思(方济会提倡过清贫生活,互称“小兄弟”)。另外,在不同地方的舊天主教會、聖公會及路德會均有方濟會。
簡稱 | OFM, Franciscan |
---|---|
命名缘由 | 亞西西的方濟各 |
成立時間 | 1209年 |
創始人 | 亞西西的方濟各 |
撤销 | 2008 |
后继机构 | 方濟會小修士[*]、方濟各住院兄弟會[*] |
類型 | 天主教修會 |
總部 | 亞西西的聖方濟各聖殿 |
总会长 | 裴彌格(Michael Anthony Perry) |
重要人物 | 聖文德 里斯本的聖安多尼 雷永明 聖伯爾納定 |
標語 | Pax et bonum(平安美善) |
網站 | OFM |
始創人
創始人為亞西西的弗朗西斯,原名是佐凡尼拍那多內(Giovanni Benadone),他年輕時常飲酒作樂,父親甚為擔憂,方濟曾在反對王公貴族的戰役中被擄達一年之久,之後又染重病,一步一步地讓他悔改歸正,於1208年之後開始在亚西西周圍遊行,幫助困苦無依之人並重修教堂。過著模仿基督耶穌、極度貧窮的生活,他相信以此種方式才能脫離世俗、不受影響、專心跟從基督。[1]此派修道士的特點是:將所有財物都捐給窮人、靠布施行乞過生活、直屬羅馬教宗的管轄、潛心研究學問、四處講道,甚至最後成為教宗用來壓制異端的工具,這些行乞修會成員對當時西歐的生活產生非常驚人的影響[2]。
歷史
方济会效忠羅馬教廷,重视学术研究和文化教育事业,反对异端,为傳揚福音而到处游方。於1209年由意大利亚西西的聖方濟得教宗依诺森三世的批准成立。1223年教宗何諾三世批准其重新撰寫第二会规。
初创时,会内不置产业,靠雙手工作为生,有需要時則行乞,故為托鉢派。及後,方濟會日益興旺,獲准擁有產業,難再過貧苦生活,内部因而分裂为守规派、住院派和嘉布遣派三支派。其中,守规派改革當時日趨安逸的修會,主張堅守方濟最初創會的教導過貧窮生活、他們因拒絕接受教宗要他們改變規例而遭到迫害,並在16世纪时通过传教向外发展;接受改變規例的方濟會士稱之為住院派。[3]方济的同乡佳蘭(加辣,嘉勒)在方济创建的女修会担任第一任会长,倡导隐修,称方济第二会(又称佳蘭会)。方濟亦為在俗人士设立了第三会,入会者不必出家,只须在修会指导下过福音生活。
現時運作
全球小兄弟會的總中心設於羅馬,由以總會長為首的服務團隊(參議員)作中央協調。一萬五千多名的小兄弟分佈於113個國家,隸屬於不同會省。台灣及香港小兄弟合為中華之會省;香港兄弟屬於孟高維諾會區,屬於中華之會省[4]。
註釋
- 華爾克,《基督教會史》,謝受靈、趙毅之譯(香港:基督教文藝出版社,2005),408-410。
- 谷勒本,《教會歷史》,李少蘭譯(香港:道聲出版社,1979),228-229。
- 陶理博士主編,李伯明、林牧野合譯『The History of Christianity基督教二千年史』(海天書樓有限公司,2004,11月,普及版首印),271。
- . 網上方濟會. [2014-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16).
參考文獻
書籍
- The Poor and the Perfect: The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order, 1209–1310 by Neslihan Senocak. (Cornell University Press; 2012) 280 pages; shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles
- A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 by John Richard Humpidge Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8199-0921-3
- Origins of the Franciscan Order by Cajetan Esser, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1970. ISBN 978-0-8199-0408-9
- The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor by Maurice Carmody, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-084-3
- Friars Minor in China: 1294 – 1944, by Arnulf Camps and Pat McCloskey, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1996. ISBN 978-1-57659-002-7
- In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century, by Grado Giovanni Merlo, translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2009. ISBN 978-1-57659-155-0
- The History of Franciscan Theology, by Kenan Osborne, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-032-4
- Friars Minor in Ireland from Their Arrival to 1400, by Francis Cotter, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1994. ISBN 978-1-57659-083-6
- The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform, by Thaddeus MacVicar, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1986. ISBN 978-1-57659-086-7
- Medieval Franciscan Houses, by John R. H. Moorman, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1983. ISBN 978-1-57659-079-9
- A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty, by Cyprian Lynch, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-1-57659-069-0
- The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages, by E. Randolph Daniel, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-8131-1315-6
- Peace and Good in America, A History of the Holy Name Province, Order of the Friars Minor, 1850s to the Present, by Joseph M. White, Franciscan Institute Publications, 2004. ISBN 978-1-57659-196-3
- The Birth of a Movement, by David Flood and Thaddee Matura, Franciscan Institute Publications, 1975. ISBN 978-0-8199-0567-3
- A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517 by John R. H. Moorman, Oxford University Press, Oxford, (1968) ISBN 0-19-826425-9; reprint: Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago, IL (1988) ISBN 0-8199-0921-1
- Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century by D.E. Sharp, Oxford University Press, London (1930); (a more recent ed.: ISBN 0-576-99216-X)
- Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (3rd Edition) by C.H. Lawrence, ISBN 0-582-40427-4
- The Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis by David Burr. ISBN 0-271-02128-4
- Francis and Clare: The Complete Works By Ignatius C. Brady, Regis J. Armstrong, Paulist Press, Mahwah, New Jersey, (1982) ISBN 0-8091-2446-7
- The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics By David B. Couturier, Cloverdale Books, South Bend (2007) ISBN 978-1-929569-23-6
- Francis of Assisi: Early Documents 3 Volumes. Edited by Regis J. Armstrong, OFM Cap., J.A. Wayne Hellmann, OFM Conv., and William J. Short, OFM. New York: New City Press. Copyright 1999, Franciscan Institute of Saint Bonaventure University, Saint Bonaventure, NY. ISBN 978-1-56548-110-7.
- "The Franciscan Story" by Maurice Carmody, Athena Press Publishing Co. UK (2008). ISBN 1-84748-141-8 ; ISBN 978-1-84748-141-2
- "Santo António de Lisboa - Da Ciência da Escritura ao Livro da Natureza", Maria Cândida Monteiro Pacheco, Imprensa Nacional casa da Moeda,Lisboa, (1997), ISBN 972-27-0855-4
- "O Simbolismo da Natureza em Santo António de Lisboa", José Acácio Aguiar e Castro,Universidade Católica Portugesa- Fundação Engº António de Almeida, Porto, 1997, ISBN UCP 972-9290.13-X /FEAA 972-8386-03-6
文章
- Schmucki, Oktavian (2000) "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam" (pp. 219–244) in Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihâd: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario. (CollectaneaArchivi Vaticani, 46.) Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Vatican City.
- , Masha Halevi, Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places, Middle Eastern Studies Volume 48, Issue 2, 2012pages 249-267 (页面存档备份,存于)