干擾理論
在心理学中,記憶(主要為長期記憶)由於有相同的提示(cue),因此在提取(retrieval)記憶時,記憶彼此互相抑制,形成遺忘(forgetting)現象。
抑制可分為兩種:
順摄抑制
順摄抑制(proactive inhibition)是指先前学习到的資料對後來学习資料的记忆产生干扰的倾向。例如,換了新的電話號碼(後來的記憶),受舊的電話號碼(先前的記憶)干擾而記不起新號碼。
倒摄抑制
倒摄抑制(retroactive inhibition)、逆向干擾(retroactive interference)是指后来的学习对先前学习資料的记忆产生干扰的倾向。例如,临睡前学习内容的保持优于白天,因为所受的后继学习的干扰较少。
參見
參考文獻
- Sternberg, Robert J. (2006). Cognitive psychology fourth edition. Thomson Wadsworth, 219. ISBN 0534514219.
- Underwood, B.J. (1957). 'Interference and forgetting' in Psychological Review.
- Luchins, Abraham S. (1959) Primacy-recency in impression formation.
- Frensch, P. A. (1994). Composition during serial learning: a serial position effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 2, 423-443.
- Healy, A. F., Havas, D. A., & Parker, J. T. (2000). Comparing serial position effects in semantic and episodic memory using reconstruction of order tasks. Journal of Memory and Language, 42, 147-167.
- Murray Glanzer and Anita R. Cunitz (1966) "Two storage mechanisms in Free Recall", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 5, 351-360.
- 張春興(1995),《心理學概要》,台北市: 東華書局,14版. ISBN 957-636-024-2.
關連項目
- 記憶抑制(Memory inhibition)
- 初始效應(Primacy effect)
- 時近效應(Recency effect)
- 序列效應(次序效應、)
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