幽靈蛛科

幽靈蛛科（學名：），是蜘蛛目中的一個科，其下的物種通稱為幽靈蜘蛛，是家中常見的蜘蛛。

幽灵蛛科
Pholcus phalangioides
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲： 蛛形纲 Arachnida
目： 蜘蛛目 Araneae
亚目： 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae
下目： 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae
总科： 幽灵蛛总科 Pholcoidea
科： 幽灵蛛科 Pholcidae
C. L. Koch, 1851[1]
屬

詳見內文

特徵

幽靈蜘蛛體態纖細，腿部細長，所以在英語中又被稱為「長腿叔叔」(daddy longlegs)。外貌與盲蛛相似，外觀容易混淆。幽靈蜘蛛體型小、看似纖細，但這些特點卻有益於幽靈蜘蛛捕食獵物，甚至是同類。幽靈蜘蛛通常使用纖長的腿把獵物制住，確保獵物停留在攻擊範圍內。幽靈蜘蛛有一對毒牙，毒性並不強。當幽靈蜘蛛遇上危險，會以上下及左右的擺幅來避開攻擊。 較常見的幽靈蜘蛛大多利用腹部使力，上下搖動。 幽靈蜘蛛喜歡吃比自己大型的蜘蛛，牠們自然界的天敵有蜈蚣和大蘭多毒蛛等。

分佈

幽靈蜘蛛算是世界上分佈十分廣泛的蜘蛛，從極北的堪察加半島到有世界屋脊之稱的青藏高原，最後到靠近南極的火地島均能找到牠的蹤跡，目前全世界只有南極州、冰島、格陵蘭島和加拿大極北之地沒有幽靈蜘蛛的存在。

屬

截至西元2015年11月，World Spider Catalog認可了以下的屬：[1]

  • Aetana Huber, 2005
  • Anansus Huber, 2007
  • Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938
  • 熱帶蛛屬 Artema Walckenaer, 1837
  • Aucana Huber, 2000
  • Aymaria Huber, 2000
  • 贝尔蛛属 Belisana Thorell, 1898
  • Blancoa Huber, 2000
  • Buitinga Huber, 2003
  • Calapnita Simon, 1892
    • Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bario Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013
    • Calapnita mae Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011
    • Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892
  • Canaima Huber, 2000
  • Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998
    • Carapoia abdita Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia agilis Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia alagoas Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia bispina Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia brescoviti Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947)
    • Carapoia capixaba Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia carvalhoi Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia carybei Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia crasto Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia dandarae Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia divisa Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia djavani Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia exigua Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000
    • Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898)
    • Carapoia gracilis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia jiboia Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia kaxinawa Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia levii (Huber, 2000)
    • Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891)
    • Carapoia macacu Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia maculata Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia marceloi Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia mirim Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia munduruku Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia nairae Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000
    • Carapoia paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998
    • Carapoia patafina Huber, 2016[3]
    • Carapoia pau Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia pulchra Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia rheimsae Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia rubra Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia saltinho Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia septentrionalis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia suassunai Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia tapajos Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia tenuis Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia ubatuba Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia una Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia utinga Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia viridis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia voltavelha Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia zumbii Huber, 2016
  • Cenemus Saaristo, 2001
  • Chibchea Huber, 2000
  • Chichiriviche González-Sponga, 2011b
  • Chisosa Huber, 2000
  • Ciboneya Pérez, 2001
  • Codazziella González-Sponga, 2005
  • Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893
  • 壺蛛屬 Crossopriza Simon, 1893
  • Enetea Huber, 2000
  • Galapa Huber, 2000
  • Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981
  • Guaranita Huber, 2000
  • Holocneminus Berland, 1942
  • Holocnemus Simon, 1873
  • Hoplopholcus Kulczy?ski, 1908
  • Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944
  • Ixchela Huber, 2000
  • Kambiwa Huber, 2000
  • 呵叻蛛属 Khorata Huber, 2005
  • Leptopholcus Simon, 1893
  • Litoporus Simon, 1893
  • Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893
  • Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998
  • Metagonia Simon, 1893
  • Micromerys Bradley, 1877
  • Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987
  • Modisimus Simon, 1893
  • Nerudia Huber, 2000
  • Ninetis Simon, 1890
  • Nita Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007
  • Nyikoa Huber, 2007
  • Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005
  • Otavaloa Huber, 2000
  • Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983
  • Papiamenta Huber, 2000
  • Paramicromerys Millot, 1946
  • Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001
  • Pholcophora Banks, 1896
  • 幽靈蛛屬 Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805
  • Physocyclus Simon, 1893
  • Pisaboa Huber, 2000
  • Platnicknia Özdikmen & Demir, 2009
  • Pomboa Huber, 2000
  • Priscula Simon, 1893
  • Psilochorus Simon, 1893
  • Quamtana Huber, 2003
  • Queliceria González-Sponga, 2003
  • Savarna Huber, 2005
  • Sihala Huber, 2011
  • Smeringopina Kraus, 1957
  • 怒蛛屬 Smeringopus Simon, 1890
  • 六眼幽靈蛛屬 Spermophora Hentz, 1841
  • Spermophorides Wunderlich, 1992
  • Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga, 1998
  • Stygopholcus Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932
  • Systenita Simon, 1893
  • Tainonia Huber, 2000
  • Tangguoa Yao & Li, 2021
    • 来宾唐果蛛 Tangguoa laibin Yao & Li, 2021
    • 铜鼓岭唐果蛛 Tangguoa tongguling Yao & Li, 2021
  • Teuia Huber, 2000
  • Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006
  • Tolteca Huber, 2000
  • Trichocyclus Simon, 1908
  • Tupigea Huber, 2000
  • Uthina Simon, 1893
  • Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin, 2005
  • Waunana Huber, 2000
    • Waunana anchicaya Huber, 2000
    • Waunana eberhardi Huber, 2000
    • Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929)
    • Waunana tulcan Huber, 2000
  • Wugigarra Huber, 2001
  • Zatavua Huber, 2003

參考文獻
  1. , World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), [2015-11-10], （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）
  2. Huber, Bernhard A. 2017. Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Southeast Asian Leaf-Dwelling Spider Genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zootaxa. 4219(1); 1–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4219.1.1
  3. Bernhard A. Huber. 2016. Spider Diversity and Endemism in A South American Hotspot: 20 New Species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa. 4177(1); 1-69. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4177.1.1
  • Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G (eds.) (2007) Harvestmen – The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9
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