形上學大綱

本條目為形上学的大纲，提供該學科的概述與主題指南。

形上学是指研究存在和事物本质的学问[1]。它是哲学研究中的一个范畴，被视为“第一哲学”和“哲学的基本问题”。它指通过理性的推理和逻辑去研究不能直接透过感知所得到答案的问题，它是人类理性对于事物最普遍的面相和终极的原因的探索的一门学科[2]。

形上学的性质

形上学是：

分支

形上学历史

形上学理论

古希腊哲学
  • 阿勒西亞：英語：，来自古希腊语阴性名词ἀλεθεία。
  • 始基：英語：，来自古希腊语阴性名词ἀρχή
  • 卓越：英語：。
  • 意见：英語：，指普通看法。
  • 知识：英語：，柏拉图将其与Doxa对立，但它原本也可以和“技艺”（techne）相互区别。知识论一词的来源。
  • 逻各斯：英語：，逻各斯，或译理性。本义是故事、言辞。逻辑（英語：）即来自这个概念。
  • 四因说：亚里士多德提出的原因的四种形态。

中世纪哲学
  • 存在与现实性（活动）的结合：托马斯·阿奎那的术语，esse与actus有三种结合：

东方哲学
  • 平衡 (形而上学)：两种力都希望占据全部，平衡是指介于这两个力之间的一点。例如秩序与混乱（law and chaos）。

文艺复兴以来

形而上学哲学

形而上学组织
  • Metaphysical Society of America
  • Philosophy of Time Society

不再存在的组织
  • The Metaphysical Club

形上学作品

期刊
  • The Heythrop Journal
  • The Journal of Theological Studies
  • Philosophy and Theology
  • Quodlibet
  • Review of Metaphysics

书籍
  • An Introduction to Metaphysics – book by 马丁·海德格尔 and is the published version of a lecture course he gave in the Summer of 1935 at the 弗赖堡大学.[3] The book is famous both for its powerful reinterpretation of Greek thought and infamous for its acknowledgement of the 纳粹党.
  • Appearance and Reality – 1893 book by the English philosopher Francis Herbert Bradley, the main statement of his metaphysics.[4]
  • 存在与虚无 – 1943 book by philosopher 让-保罗·萨特.[5] Sartre's main purpose is to assert the individual's existence as prior to the individual's essence. His overriding concern in writing the book was to demonstrate that 自由意志 exists.[6]
  • Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics – book by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is often referred to simply as the "Kantbook".
  • 第一哲學沉思集 [7] (subtitled In which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated) – philosophical treatise by 勒内·笛卡尔 first published in 1641 (in Latin). The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things which are not absolutely 確定性, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure.
  • Metaphysics – one of the principal works of Aristotle. The principal subject is "being qua being", or being understood as being. It examines what can be asserted about anything that exists just because of its existence and not because of any special qualities it has.
  • Philosophical Problems of Space and Time – 1963 book by Adolf Grünbaum, who argues that physical geometry and chronometry are in part matters of convention because continuous physical space and time are metrically amorphous.
  • The Realms of Being – last major work by Spanish-American 哲學家 乔治·桑塔亚那. In this work of ontology, he defines four realms of being; The Realm of Essence, The Realm of Matter, The Realm of Truth, and The Realm of Spirit.
  • 時間的不實在性 – best-known philosophical work of the Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart. McTaggart argues that time is unreal because our descriptions of time are either contradictory, circular, or insufficient.
  • 禅与摩托车维修艺术 – philosophical fiction, the first of Robert M. Pirsig's texts in which he explores his Metaphysics of Quality.
  • EvOLv - A psychedelic adventure - Psychedelic Fiction, a psycho-spiritual novel that delves into details of the Meta-physical transformation of an adolescent boy into an Omnidimentional being.

形上学家

形上学家（英语：Metaphysician[8]，也称 metaphysicist[9]），指研究形上学的人。尝试解释形上学基本的概念，例如存在、客體，以及这些概念的性质、空間和时间、因果关系、可能性。下面列出了一些有影响力的形上学家，按照时间顺序：

其他形上學家

参见

参考资料
  1. . 5th. 2011 [November 24, 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-10）.
  2. Cohen, S. Marc. . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information Stanford University Stanford, CA. [14 November 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-12）.
  3. . Think.hyperjeff.net. [2011-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2011-10-02）.
  4. Sprigge 2005. pp. 105.
  5. [[让-保罗·萨特|]]. . 1943. ISBN 0-671-82433-3.
  6. Levy, Neil. . One World Publications. 2002: 111.
  7. J., Cottingham (编). revised. Cambridge University Press. April 1996 [1986] [2020-03-10]. ISBN 978-0-521-55818-1. （原始内容存档于2020-02-08）. —The original Meditations, translated, in its entirety.
  8. Random House Dictionary Online （页面存档备份，存于） – metaphysician
  9. Random House Dictionary Online （页面存档备份，存于） – metaphysicist

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