愚者自将

愚者自将(Fool's Mate)又称两回合将杀(Two-Move Checkmate),是国际象棋中最快的将杀方法——黑方第2手用王后将杀白方。因该局面只有当白方棋手水平极低时才会走出来,因此谓之“愚者自将”。即使是初学者也很少在实战中被如此将杀。

示例

abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
g8 black knight
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
e5 black pawn
g4 white pawn
h4 black queen
f3 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
d2 white pawn
e2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
d1 white queen
e1 white king
f1 white bishop
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
愚者自将——白被将杀

愚者自将示例:

1. f3 e5
2. g4?? Qh4#

此外白1. f3起手,或白1. g4 黑1... e5等走法亦殊途同归。

类似陷阱

两步将杀有许多类似的模式,均利用e1–h4以及e8–h5斜线过早暴露造成将杀,这两条斜线亦被称为傻瓜斜线。如1. e4 g5 2. d4 f6?? 3. Qh5#和愚人自将同理,黑进f兵和g兵暴露斜线,被白后直接将杀。据传1959年梅斯菲尔德对特林卡中出现愚人自将,该局以1. e4 g5 2. Nc3 f5?? 3. Qh5#三回合快速结束[1][2][3][4][5]。弗郎姆弃兵开局也有类似的将杀:1. f4 e5 2. g3? exf4 3. gxf4?? Qh4#。

蒂德对德尔马

蒂德对德尔马(1896年)
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
g8 black knight
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
e7 black pawn
h6 black rook
g5 black pawn
h5 black pawn
d4 white pawn
f4 black pawn
d3 white bishop
e3 white pawn
g3 white bishop
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
d1 white queen
e1 white king
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
6...Rh6?后的局面,白还有2步将杀

1896年弗兰克·梅尔维尔·蒂德和尤金·德尔马一场荷兰防御开局中,出现的知名陷阱[6]

1. d4 f5 2. Bg5 h6 3. Bf4 g5 4. Bg3 f4
黑看似赚得一象,但接下来……
5. e3
准备Qh5#愚人自将
5... h5 6. Bd3?!
走6.Be2更好,但这招伏有陷阱
6... Rh6??
防白Bg6#,然而……
7. Qxh5+!
白方弃后引离黑车,解除黑对g6的控制
7... Rxh5 8. Bg6#

格列柯对佚名

格列柯对佚名
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
d8 black queen
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
d7 black pawn
e7 black pawn
h7 white pawn
b6 black pawn
g6 white bishop
h5 black knight
d4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 black bishop
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
e1 white king
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
8.Bg6#后的最终盘面

吉克诺·格雷科1625年公布的一局棋中出现类似陷阱:

1. e4 b6 2. d4 Bb7 3. Bd3 f5? 4. exf5 Bxg2? 5. Qh5+ g6 6. fxg6 Nf6??
若黑改走6... Bg7将f7留出供王躲避,则尚有机会和白扳扳手腕。虽然白后续有7.Qf5! Nf6 8.Bh6 Bxh6 9.gxh7 Bxh1 10.Qg6+ Kf8 11.Qxh6+ Kf7 12.Nh3取得优势,但游戏时间已大大延长[7]。此外黑可走9... e6给王留出另一空位,则白10.Qg6+将军时有10... Ke7等后续手段。
7. gxh7+! Nxh5 8. Bg6#

参见

参考文献

  1. Mike Fox and Richard James. . Faber and Faber. 1993: 177.
  2. Winter, Edward. . McFarland & Co. 2005: 253–254. ISBN 978-0-7864-2310-1.
  3. Edward G. Winter. . August 2006 [2017-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-08).
  4. Edward G. Winter. . August 2006 [2017-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-08).
  5. Averbakh, Yuri Lvovich; Beilin, Mikhail Abramovich. . Fizkultura i sport. 1972: 227 (俄语).
  6. . [2017-06-11]. (原始内容存档于2017-05-12).
  7. Lev Alburt. . Chess Information Research Center. 2011: 509.

扩展阅读

  • Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth, , 2nd, Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
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