效应值
在統計學中,效應值(英語:,或譯效果量)是量化現象強度的數值。[1]效應值實際的統計量包括了兩個變數間的相關程度、迴歸模型中的迴歸係數、不同處理間平均值的差異……等等。無論哪種效應值,其絕對值越大表示效應越強,也就是現象越明顯。效應值與特效检验的概念是互補的。在估算統計檢定力、需要的樣本數與進行元分析時,效應值經常扮演重要角色。
在研究結果中給出效應值被視為恰當的或必須的。[2][3]相對於統計學上的顯著性,效應值有利於了解研究結果的強度。[4]特別是在社會科學和醫學研究上,效應值更顯得重要。絕對與相對效應值可以傳遞不同的訊息,又可互相補充訊息。有個心理學的研究學會鼓勵學者給出效應值:
報告主要結果時必須一併報導效應值……如果測量值的單位在實際面上是有意義的(例如每人每日抽煙的香煙根數),則我們建議採用非標準化的效應值(例如迴歸係數或平均值差異)而不是標準化的效應值(例如相關係數)。
— L. Wilkinson and APA Task Force on Statistical Inference (1999, p. 599)
在比較平均數的情況下,效應值經常指的就是實驗結束後,實驗組與對照組之間「標準化後的平均差異程度」,依照慣例,效應值可解讀為以下幾個程度:
效應值 | d[5] | r[6] |
---|---|---|
較小 | 0.2 | 0.10 |
中等 | 0.5 | 0.30 |
較大 | 0.8 | 0.50 |
參考文獻
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延伸閱讀
- Aaron, B., Kromrey, J. D., & Ferron, J. M. (1998, November). Equating r-based and d-based effect-size indices: Problems with a commonly recommended formula. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Florida Educational Research Association, Orlando, FL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED433353)
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