梵語語法
動詞
梵語动词有两种语态：为他（parasmaipada，parasmai = para“对面的、别的”的与格，pada=“句”）和为己（ātmanepada,ātmane = ātman“自己”的与格）。另外还有被动态，是由为己态加-ya-后缀构成的。
有三种时态，现在时、不定时、完成时，现在时有直陈式、命令式和祈愿式三种语式，吠陀经梵文中还有虚拟式，但在后期的文献中已被淘汰。
未来时是从动词词根的第二等加-sya或iṣya构成的，变位跟第一类动词的现在时一样。
现在时
动词可以根据现在时態变位分成十大类别。
第一类動詞變位
詞根：भू bhū “是”，現在時詞根：भव bhava
| 直陈式 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 为他 | 为己 | ||||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | ||
| 现在时 | 第一人称 | भवामि bhavāmi | भवावः bhavāvaḥ | भवामः bhavāmaḥ | भवे bhave | भवावहे bhavāvahe | भवामहे bhavāmahe |
| 第二人称 | भवसि bhavasi | भवथः bhavathaḥ | भवथ bhavatha | भवसे bhavase | भवेथे bhavethe | भवध्वे bhavadhve | |
| 第三人称 | भवति bhavati | भवतः bhavataḥ | भवन्ति bhavanti | भवते bhavate | भवेते bhavete | भवन्ते bhavante | |
| 非完成过去时 | 第一人称 | अभवम् abhavam | अभवाव abhavāva | अभवाम abhavāma | अभवे abhave | अभवावहि abhavāvahi | अभवामहि abhavāmahi |
| 第二人称 | अभवः abhavaḥ | अभवतम् abhavatam | अभवत abhavata | अभवथाः abhavathāḥ | अभवेथाम् abhavethām | अभवध्वम् abhavadhvam | |
| 第三人称 | अभवत् abhavat | अभवताम् abhavatām | अभवन् abhavan | अभवत abhavata | अभवेताम् abhavetām | अभवन्त abhavanta | |
| 命令式 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 为他 | 为己 | |||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 第一人称 | भवानि bhavāni | भवाव bhavāva | भवाम bhavāma | भवै bhavai | भवावहै bhavāvahai | भवामहै bhavāmahai |
| 第二人称 | भव bhava | भवतम् bhavatam | भवत bhavata | भवस्व bhavasva | भवेथाम् bhavethām | भवध्वम् bhavadhvam |
| 第三人称 | भवतु bhavatu | भवताम् bhavatām | भवन्तु bhavantu | भवताम् bhavatām | भवेताम् bhavetām | भवन्ताम् bhavantām |
| 祈愿式 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 为他 | 为己 | |||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 第一人称 | भवेयम् bhaveyam | भवेव bhaveva | भवेम bhavema | भवेय bhaveya | भवेवहि bhavevahi | भवेमहि bhavemahi |
| 第二人称 | भवेः bhaveḥ | भवेतम् bhavetam | भवेत bhaveta | भवेथाः bhavethāḥ | भवेयाथाम् bhaveyāthām | भवेध्वम् bhavedhvam |
| 第三人称 | भवेत् bhavet | भवेताम् bhavetām | भवेयुः bhaveyuḥ | भवेत bhaveta | भवेयाताम् bhaveyātām | भवेरन् bhaveran |
第二类：辅音尾动词
以下是dviṣ“讨厌”的变位：
| 直陈式 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 为他 | 为己 | ||||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | ||
| 现在时 | 第一人称 | dvéṣmi | dviṣvás | dviṣmás | dviṣé | dviṣváhe | dviṣmáhe |
| 第二人称 | dvékṣi | dviṣṭhás | dviṣṭhá | dvikṣé | dviṣā́the | dviḍḍhvé | |
| 第三人称 | dvéṣṭi | dviṣṭás | dviṣánti | dviṣṭé | dviṣā́te | dviṣáte | |
| 非完成过去时 | 第一人称 | ádveṣam | ádviṣva | ádviṣma | ádviṣi | ádviṣvahi | ádviṣmahi |
| 第二人称 | ádveṭ | ádviṣṭam | ádvisṭa | ádviṣṭhās | ádviṣāthām | ádviḍḍhvam | |
| 第三人称 | ádveṭ | ádviṣṭām | ádviṣan | ádviṣṭa | ádviṣātām | ádviṣata | |
| 祈愿式 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 为他 | 为己 | |||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 第一人称 | dviṣyā́m | dviṣyā́va | dviṣyā́ma | dviṣīyá | dviṣīvahi | dviṣīmahi |
| 第二人称 | dviṣyā́s | dviṣyā́tam | dviṣyā́ta | dviṣīthās | dviṣīyāthām | dviṣīdhvam |
| 第三人称 | dviṣyā́t | dviṣyā́tām | dviṣyur | dviṣīta | dviṣīyātām | dviṣīran |
| 命令式 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 为他 | 为己 | |||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 第一人称 | dvéṣāṇi | dvéṣāva | dvéṣāma | dvéṣāi | dvéṣāvahāi | dvéṣāmahāi |
| 第二人称 | dviḍḍhí | dviṣṭám | dviṣṭá | dvikṣvá | dviṣāthām | dviḍḍhvám |
| 第三人称 | dvéṣṭu | dviṣṭā́m | dviṣántu | dviṣṭā́m | dviṣā́tām | dviṣátām |
不定时
动词可以根据不定时的构造可分成七类。
完成时
-drś 例；「看見」
| 为他 | 为己 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 第一人称 | dadarśa | dadarśiva | dadarśima | dadrśe | dadrśivahe | dadrśimahe |
| 第二人称 | dadarśitha | dadrśathur | dadrśa | dadrśiṣe | dadrśāthe | dadrśidhve |
| 第三人称 | dadarśa | dadrśatur | dadrśur | dadrśe | dadrśāte | dadrśire |
名词
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 主格 | -स् -s (-म् -m) | -औ -au (-ई -ī) | -अस् -as (-इ -i) |
| 宾格 | -अम् -am (-म् -m) | -औ -au (-ई -ī) | -अस् -as (-इ -i) |
| 工具格 | -आ -ā | -भ्याम् -bhyām | -भिस् -bhis |
| 与格 | -ए -e | -भ्याम् -bhyām | -भ्यस् -bhyas |
| 离格 | -अस् -as | -भ्याम् -bhyām | -भ्यस् -bhyas |
| 属格 | -अस् -as | -ओस् -os | -आम् -ām |
| 方位格 | -इ -i | -ओस् -os | -सु -su |
| 呼格 | -स् -s (- -) | -औ -au (-ई -ī) | -अस् -as (-इ -i) |
-a尾名词
-a尾名词是最大的名词类别，短-a尾的名词是阳性或中性，而长-ā尾的名词都是阴性。 名词。
| 阳性（nara- 男人） | 中性（phala- 水果） | 阴性（senā- 軍隊） | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 主格 | नरः naraḥ | नरौ narau | नराः narāḥ | फलम् phalam | फले phale | फलानि phalāni | सेना senā | सेने sene | सेनाः senāḥ |
| 宾格 | नरम् naram | नरौ narau | नरान् narān | फलम् phalam | फले phale | फलानि phalāni | सेनाम् senām | सेने sene | सेनाः senāḥ |
| 工具格 | नरेण* nareṇa* | नराभ्याम् narābhyām | नरैः naraiḥ | फलेन phalena | फलाभ्याम् phalābhyām | फलैः phalaiḥ | सेनया senayā | सेनाभ्याम् senābhyām | सेनाभिः senābhiḥ |
| 与格 | नराय narāya | नराभ्याम् narābhyām | नरेभ्यः narebhyaḥ | फलाय phalāya | फलाभ्याम् phalābhyām | फलेभ्यः phalebhyaḥ | सेनायै senāyai | सेनाभ्याम् senābhyām | सेनाभ्यः senābhyaḥ |
| 离格 | नरात् narāt | नराभ्याम् narābhyām | नरेभ्यः narebhyaḥ | फलात् phalāt | फलाभ्याम् phalābhyām | फलेभ्यः phalebhyaḥ | सेनायाः senāyāḥ | सेनाभ्याम् senābhyām | सेनाभ्यः senābhyaḥ |
| 属格 | नरस्य narasya | नरयोः narayoḥ | नराणाम्* narāṇām* | फलस्य phalasya | फलयोः phalayoḥ | फलानाम् phalānām | सेनायाः senāyāḥ | सेनयोः senayoḥ | सेनानाम् senānām |
| 方位格 | नरे nare | नरयोः narayoḥ | नरेषु nareṣu | फले phale | फलयोः phalayoḥ | फलेषु phaleṣu | सेनायाम् senāyām | सेनयोः senayoḥ | सेनासु senāsu |
| 呼格 | नर nara | नरौ narau | नराः narāḥ | फल phala | फले phale | फलानि phalāni | सेने sene | सेने sene | सेनाः senāḥ |
注*：由于Sandhi的緣故，當名詞詞根內有r或ṛ時，名詞變格里的 न n 變為 ण ṇ 。
-i和-u尾名词
| i-尾 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阳性和阴性（gáti- 步法） | 中性（vā́ri- 水） | |||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 主格 | gátis | gátī | gátayas | vā́ri | vā́riṇī | vā́rīṇi |
| 宾格 | gátim | gátī | gátīs | vā́ri | vā́riṇī | vā́rīṇi |
| 工具格 | gátyā | gátibhyām | gátibhis | vā́riṇā | vā́ribhyām | vā́ribhis |
| 与格 | gátaye, gátyāi | gátibhyām | gátibhyas | vā́riṇe | vā́ribhyām | vā́ribhyas |
| 离格 | gátes, gátyās | gátibhyām | gátibhyas | vā́riṇas | vā́ribhyām | vā́ribhyas |
| 属格 | gátes, gátyās | gátyos | gátīnām | vā́riṇas | vā́riṇos | vā́riṇām |
| 方位格 | gátāu, gátyām | gátyos | gátiṣu | vā́riṇi | vā́riṇos | vā́riṣu |
| 呼格 | gáte | gátī | gátayas | vā́ri, vā́re | vā́riṇī | vā́rīṇi |
| u-尾 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阳性和阴性（śátru- 敌人） | 中性（mádhu- 蜂蜜） | |||||
| 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | 单数 | 双数 | 复数 | |
| 主格 | śátrus | śátrū | śátravas | mádhu | mádhunī | mádhūni |
| 宾格 | śátrum | śátrū | śátrūn | mádhu | mádhunī | mádhūni |
| 工具格 | śátruṇā | śátrubhyām | śátrubhis | mádhunā | mádhubhyām | mádhubhis |
| 与格 | śátrave | śátrubhyām | śátrubhyas | mádhune | mádhubhyām | mádhubhyas |
| 离格 | śátros | śátrubhyām | śátrubhyas | mádhunas | mádhubhyām | mádhubhyas |
| 属格 | śátros | śátrvos | śátrūṇām | mádhunas | mádhunos | mádhūnām |
| 方位格 | śátrāu | śátrvos | śátruṣu | mádhuni | mádhunos | mádhuṣu |
| 呼格 | śátro | śátrū | śátravas | mádhu | mádhunī | mádhūni |
參考文獻
Sanskrit grammars
- W. D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects
- W. D. Whitney, The Roots, Verb-Forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language: (A Supplement to His Sanskrit Grammar)
- Wackernagel, Debrunner, Altindische Grammatik, Göttingen.
- vol. I. phonology （页面存档备份，存于） Jacob Wackernagel (1896)
- vol. II.1. introduction to morphology, nominal composition, Wackernagel (1905) （页面存档备份，存于）
- vol. II.2. nominal suffixes, J. Wackernagel and Albert Debrunner (1954)
- vol. III. nominal inflection, numerals, pronouns, Wackernagel and Debrunner (1930)
- B. Delbrück, Altindische Tempuslehre (1876)
Topics in Sanskrit morphology and syntax
- Frits Staal，Word order in Sanskrit and Universal Grammar, Foundations of Language, supplementary series 5, Springer (1967), ISBN 978-9027705495.
外部連結
- Vedic Society Sandhi Calculator
- Online tool to perform and undo Sanskrit sandhi effects
- Little Red Book （页面存档备份，存于）
- Sanskrit grammars （页面存档备份，存于）
- Sanskrit grammar Laghu-Siddanta-Kaumudi (English & Tamil Lectures)
- Sanskrit grammar Video AdiLaghu (English & Tamil)
- 梵佛研 （页面存档备份，存于）
Template:Sanskrit language topics
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