比较史学
比较史学(英語:)或稱比较历史学,是不同社会在给定的时间或拥有类似的文化环境的情况下进行的比较。
历史沿革
在18世纪的启蒙运动中,出现了对社会之历史的比较的研究;新一代学者将此当作一个重要的专门话题,尤以孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、亚当·斯密等人为代表。19世纪的社会学家和经济学家也往往进入到比较史学中,例如托克维尔、卡尔·马克思和马克斯·韦伯[1]。
20世纪上半叶,比较历史受到广大公众读者的关注,该方面的学者影响广泛,包括德国的奧斯瓦爾德·斯賓格勒[2]、俄-美的彼蒂里姆·索罗金[3]和英国的阿诺尔德·J·汤因比[4]。然而自20世纪50年代以后,对比历史逐渐从公众视野中消失,现在是专业学者独立工作的领域[5]。
除了以上所述之外,比较历史学之研究方法的代表者还包括美国史学家赫伯特·E·博尔顿和卡罗尔·奎格利、英国史学家杰弗里·巴拉克拉夫以及多位社会学家,如巴灵顿·摩尔、什穆埃尔·诺厄·艾森施塔特[6]、西摩·马丁·利普塞特、查尔斯·蒂利[7]和迈克尔·曼[8]等。
历史学家通常接受对特定度的比较,如银行业、女权、不同社群间的种族歧视。然而在五十年代对汤因比的敌视兴起之后,历史学家不再重视多个世纪以来主导世界史学界的比较研究[9]。
典型课题
大西洋历史
大西洋历史,也即近代欧洲人跨大西洋、发现新大陆的历史。这个课题的前提是,在16世纪欧洲与新的世界的越来越多的持续接触之后,围绕着大西洋的南北美洲,欧洲和非洲诸大陆,构成了可以作为一个整体研究的经济和文化交流的区域系统或共同领域。
这个课题的主题是欧洲(特别是英国和法国)和新世界的殖民地之间复杂的相互作用,通过用比较的方式看待大西洋两岸,广泛涵盖人口、社会、经济、政治、法律、军事、思想和宗教等话题。这包括英国和德国均经历的宗教复兴与美洲殖民地的第一次大觉醒的比较;以及一直都是重要话题的移民和种族/奴隶制[10]。
虽然是一个相对较新的课题,它激发了大量的比较历史之研究,特别是关于在18世纪的北美、南美、欧洲和非洲的思想[11]、殖民主义[12]、奴隶制度、经济史、政治革命的研究[13]。
定量分析方法
自索罗金的研究[28]后,比较史学的学者,特别是社会学家和政治学家,经常使用量化和统计的方法从多个维度比较多个社会[29][30]。目前已有一些建立动态数学模型的努力,但这些方法尚未进入主流比较历史学[31]。
参见
参考文献
引用
- Stephen Kalberg, Max Weber's Comparative-Historical Sociology. University of Arizona Press, 1994.
- Spengler (1918)
- Sorokin (1950); Sorokin (1959)
- Toynbee (1934-61)
- Barraclough (1979), chapter 1.
- Eisenstadt (1968)
- Tilly (1984)
- Mann (1993)
- William H. McNeill. . . Oxford University Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-505863-5.
- William O'Reilly, "Genealogies of Atlantic History," Atlantic Studies 1 (2004): 66–84.
- Robert Palmer, Age of Democratic Revolution (2 vol 1966)
- Stoler (2001)
- Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (2009)
- Cyril Edwin Black, ed. The Modernization of Japan and Russia: a comparative study (1975)
- Cyril Edwin Black, The dynamics of modernization: a study in comparative history (1966)
- Gilbert Rozman, Urban networks in Ching China and Tokugawa Japan (1974)
- Gilbert Rozman, The Modernization of China (1982)
- Qian Chengdan, "Constructing a New Disciplinary Framework of Modern World History Around the Theme of Modernization," (页面存档备份,存于) Chinese Studies in History Spring 2009, Vol. 42#3 pp 7-24; in EBSCO
- Doyle (1986)
- Meritt and Rokkan (1986)
- McGerr (1991)
- Iriye (1989)
- Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (Random House, 1987)
- Victor Davis Hanson, The Father of Us All: War and History, Ancient and Modern (Bloomsbury Press, 2010)
- Robert M. Citino, "Military Histories Old and New: A Reintroduction," American Historical Review Vol. 112, no. 4 (October 2007), pp. 1070–1090 online version (页面存档备份,存于)
- David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1966); Seymour Drescher, Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery (Cambridge University Press, 2009); Paul Finkelman, and Joseph Miller, eds. Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery (Macmillan, 2 vol 1998)
- Regina Grafe, and Oscar Gelderblom, "The Rise and Fall of the Merchant Guilds: Re-thinking the Comparative Study of Commercial Institutions in Premodern Europe," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Spring 2010, Vol. 40 Issue 4, p477-511,
- Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics (4 vol 1932; one-vol. edn., 1959).
- Richard L. Merritt, and Stein Rokkan, eds. Comparing Nations: The Use of Quantitative Data in Cross-National Research (Yale UP, 1966)
- See Bruce Russett, Harvey Starr, and David Kinsella, World Politics: The Menu for Choice (2010) p. 432
- Peter Turchin, History and Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies (Moscow: KomKniga, 2006).
来源
- Barraclough, Geoffrey. Main Trends in History. --杰弗里·巴拉克拉夫:《当代史学主要趋势》-- Holmes & Meier, 1979 online version (页面存档备份,存于)
- Cohen, Deborah and Maura O'Connor. Comparison and History: Europe in Cross-National Perspective. Routledge, 2004 online edition (页面存档备份,存于)
- Cooper, Frederick. "Race, Ideology, and the Perils of Comparative History". American Historical Review, 101:4 (October 1996), 1122–1138. in JSTOR
- Doyle, Michael W. Empires. Cornell University Press. 1986. online edition (页面存档备份,存于)
- Eisenstadt, S.N. The Political Systems of Empires. --S·N·艾森施塔特:《帝国的政治体制》-- (1968)
- Frederickson, George M. "From Exceptionalism to Variability: Recent Developments in Cross-National Comparative History". Journal of American History 82:2 (September 1995), 587-604. in JSTOR
- Halperin, Charles J. et al. " AHR Forum: Comparative History in Theory and Practice: A Discussion". American Historical Review 87:1 (February 1982), 123-143. in JSTOR
- Hill, Alette Olin and Boyd H. Hill. "AHR Forum: Marc Bloch and Comparative History". American Historical Review 85:4 (October 1980), 828-846. in JSTOR
- Mazlish, Bruce. Conceptualizing Global History. CO: Westview Press, 1993.
- McGerr, Michael. "The Price of the 'New Transnational History'". American Historical Review 96:4 (October 1991), 1056–1067. in JSTOR
- Magnaghi, Russell M. Herbert E. Bolton and the Historiography of the Americas. Greenwood Press, 1998 online edition (页面存档备份,存于)
- Mann, Michael. The sources of social power. --米切尔·曼:《社会权力的起源》-- 1993.
- Meritt, Richard L. and Stein Rokkan, editors. Comparing Nations: The Use of Quantitative Data in Cross-National Research. Yale University Press, 1966.
- Rusen, Jorn. "Some Theoretical Approaches to Intercultural Comparative Historiography". History and Theory 35:4 (December 1996), 5–22.
- Sorokin, Pitirim A. Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis. --彼蒂里姆·索罗金:《灾难中的人与社会》-- 1950. online edition (页面存档备份,存于)
- Sorokin, Pitirim A. Social and Cultural Dynamics. --彼蒂里姆·索罗金:《社会与文化动态学》-- (4 vol 1932; one-vol. edn., 1959).
- Spengler, Oswald. The decline of the West. --奥斯瓦德·斯宾格勒:《西方的衰落》-- 2 vol (1918).
- Stoler, Ann L. "Tense and Tender Ties: The Politics of Comparison in North American History and (Post) Colonial Studies". Journal of American History (Dec 2001), 831-864. in JSTOR
- Tilly, Charles. Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons. Russell Sage Foundation, 1984.
- Tipps, Dean. "Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective". Comparative Studies in Society and History 15:2 (1973), 199-226.
- Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study Of History. --阿诺德·汤因比:《历史研究》-- 12 vol (1934-61); (2 vol abridgment 1957) online abridged version v. 1-6 (页面存档备份,存于)
- Peter Turchin. History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies (页面存档备份,存于). Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. ISBN 5-484-01002-0
- Voegelin, Eric. Order and History, 5 vol (1956-75)
- Woodward, C. Vann, ed. The Comparative Approach to American History (1968)