气候临界点
气候临界点(英語:)是一个关键阈值,越过该阈值会导致系统状态发生巨大且通常不可逆的变化。气候科学家使用术语“临界点”来表明气候系统的脆弱性。[2][3]系统一旦“倾覆”,很可能对人类社会产生严重影响。[4][5]
政府間氣候變化專門委員會(IPCC)早在2000年代就开始考虑临界点的可能性。当时IPCC得出结论,只有在全球相对前工业时代变暖大于或等于4 °C时才会触发临界点。但现在认为,在今天的升温水平(略高于1 °C)下,就有显著概率已经达到了临界点,而升温 2°C的情景下大概率越过了临界点。[6]
地球系统中可能触发临界点的大尺度要素称为临界要素(tipping element)。[7]气候系统中至少15个不同要素,例如格陵蘭冰原和南極冰蓋,被认为是可能的临界要素。[8][9]一个危险是,如果某个系统的临界点被越过,可能会导致一连串的其他临界点被相继越过。[10]如果发生这种连锁反应,全球平均温度可能将会上升至高于过去120万年任何时期,地球将变成“温室地球”。[11]
临界点未必是突变的。例如,平均温升在1.5-2 °C之间时,格陵蘭冰原将在数千年内不可逆转地融化。[12][13]然而,美國地球物理聯盟2021年的一项研究表明,南极洲的思韦茨冰架有可能在2025年之前破碎。[14][15]
参考文献
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- Climate scientists fear tipping points (maybe you should too) 的存檔,存档日期14 November 2021., PhysOrg, 25 October 2021.
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Hothouse Earth is likely to be uncontrollable and dangerous to many ... global average temperatures would exceed those of any interglacial period—meaning warmer eras that come in between Ice Ages—of the past 1.2 million years.
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