大青属
大青属[1](学名:)或海州常山屬[2]是唇形目唇形科的植物,本屬在1990年代之前,傳統上被歸類到馬鞭草科。多數種類是重要的草藥,其特殊的花形態亦是常見的園藝品種。
大青属 | |
---|---|
爬藤大青 Clerodendron thomsoniae | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 菊类植物 Asterids |
目: | 唇形目 Lamiales |
科: | 唇形科 Lamiaceae |
亚科: | 筋骨草亚科 Ajugoideae |
属: | 大青属 Clerodendrum L., 1753 |
模式種 | |
欠愉大青 Clerodendrum infortunatum L., 1753 | |
多样性 | |
逾300种 | |
異名 | |
|
属名Clerodendrum源于希腊语kleros(机会)和dendron(树木)的合成词。
形態
灌木或小喬木,少見亞灌木或草本。直立,少見攀緣性。落葉性或常綠。小分枝幼時常呈四方莖(橫切面為四方形)。單葉對生,少見輪生。[1]
花序為稀疏的聚繖狀或頭狀,頂端生長,少見腋生的聚傘圓錐花序。萼鐘形或杯狀,5齒突或5裂瓣。花冠具細長花管,花瓣5枚,展開狀。雄蕊4枚,多少突出於花冠之外。子房4室,胚珠垂懸或著生於子房壁側邊。柱頭呈二瓣,尖。[1]
分类
大青屬約400種(或150種[3])下列為主要產於中國的品種。[1]
No. | 學名 | 中文俗名 | 備註 | 图像 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Clerodendrum brachystemon | 短蕊大青 | - | |
2 | Clerodendrum bracteatum | 苞花大青 | - | |
3 | Clerodendrum bungei | 臭牡丹 | - | |
3-1 | Clerodendrum bungei var. bungei | 臭牡丹 | - | |
3-2 | Clerodendrum bungei var. megacalyx | 大萼臭牡丹 | - | |
4 | Clerodendrum canescens | 灰毛大青 | - | |
5 | Clerodendrum capitatum | - | - | |
6 | Clerodendrum chinense | 重瓣臭茉莉 | - | |
6-1 | Clerodendrum chinense var. chinense | 重瓣臭茉莉 | - | |
6-2 | Clerodendrum chinense var. simplex | 臭茉莉 | - | |
7 | Clerodendrum colebrookianum | 腺茉莉 | - | |
8 | Clerodendrum confine | 川黔大青 | - | |
9 | Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum | 大青 | - | |
9-1 | Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum var. cyrtophyllum | 大青 | - | |
9-2 | Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum var. kwangsiense | 广西大青 | - | |
10 | Clerodendrum ervatamioides | 狗牙大青 | - | |
11 | Clerodendrum fortunatum | 白花灯笼 | - | |
12 | Clerodendrum fragrans | - | - | |
13 | Clerodendrum garrettianum | 泰国垂茉莉 | - | |
14 | Clerodendrum glabrum | - | - | |
15 | Clerodendrum griffithianum | 西垂茉莉 | - | |
16 | Clerodendrum hainanense | 海南赬桐 | - | |
17 | Clerodendrum henryi | 南垂茉莉 | - | |
18 | Clerodendrum heterophyllum | - | - | |
19 | Clerodendrum indicum | 长管大青 | - | |
20 | Clerodendrum inerme | 苦郎树 | - | |
21 | Clerodendrum intermedium | 墾丁苦林盤 | - | |
22 | Clerodendrum japonicum | 赬桐 | - | |
23 | Clerodendrum kaichianum | 浙江大青 | - | |
24 | Clerodendrum kiangsiense | 江西大青 | - | |
25 | Clerodendrum kwangtungense | 广东大青 | - | |
26 | Clerodendrum laciniatum | - | - | |
27 | Clerodendrum lindleyi | 尖齿臭茉莉 | - | |
28 | Clerodendrum longilimbum | 长叶大青 | - | |
29 | Clerodendrum luteopunctatum | 黄腺大青 | - | |
30 | Clerodendrum mandarinorum | 海通 | - | |
31 | Clerodendrum paniculatum | 圆锥大青 | - | |
32 | Clerodendrum peii | 长梗大青 | - | |
32 | Clerodendrum peninsulare [4] | - | - | |
33 | Clerodendrum quadriloculare | - | - | |
34 | Clerodendrum serratum | 三对节 | - | |
34-1 | Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium | 三台花 | - | |
34-2 | Clerodendrum serratum var. herbaceum | 草本三对节 | - | |
34-3 | Clerodendrum serratum var. serratum | 三对节 | - | |
34-4 | Clerodendrum serratum var. wallichii | 大序三对节 | - | |
35 | Clerodendrum speciosissimum | - | - | |
36 | Clerodendrum subscaposum | 抽葶大青 | - | |
47 | Clerodendrum tibetanum | 西藏大青 | - | |
37 | Clerodendrum thomsoniae | 龍吐珠、爬藤大青 | 吐龍珠 (页面存档备份,存于) | |
38 | Clerodendrum tomentosum | - | - | |
39 | Clerodendrum trichotomum | 海州常山 | - | |
39-1 | Clerodendrum trichotomum var. ferrugineum | 锈毛海州常山 | - | |
39-2 | Clerodendrum trichotomum var. trichotomum | 海州常山 | - | |
40 | Clerodendrum triplinerve | - | - | |
41 | Clerodendrum ugandense | 紫蝶花 | - | |
42 | Clerodendrum villosum | 绢毛大青 | - | |
43 | Clerodendrum wallichii | 垂茉莉 | - | |
44 | Clerodendrum yunnanense | 滇常山 | - |
本属包括以下物种:[5]
- Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern.
- Clerodendrum aculeatum Griseb., 1862
- Clerodendrum acuminatum Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum adenocalyx Dop
- Clerodendrum adenophysum Hallier f.
- Clerodendrum africanum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum albiflos H.J.Lam
- Clerodendrum alboviolaceum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum andamanense (Moldenke) A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
- Clerodendrum angustipetalum Satthaphorn, A.J.Paton & Leerat.[6]
- Clerodendrum anomalum Letouzey
- Clerodendrum apayaoense Quisumb.
- Clerodendrum arenarium Baker
- Clerodendrum atlanticum Jongkind
- Clerodendrum aucubifolium Baker
- Clerodendrum aucubifolium Hemsl.
- Clerodendrum bakhuizenii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum balfourianum Massart et al.
- Clerodendrum barba-felis Hallier f.
- Clerodendrum baronianum Oliv.
- Clerodendrum baumii Gürke
- Clerodendrum bellum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum bingaense S.Moore
- Clerodendrum bipindense Gürke
- Clerodendrum boivinii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum bosseri Capuron
- Clerodendrum botryoides K.Schum., 1902
- Clerodendrum brachyanthum Schauer
- 短蕊大青 Clerodendrum brachystemon C.Y.Wu & R.C.Fang
- 苞花大青 Clerodendrum bracteatum Wall. ex Walp.
- Clerodendrum brassii Beer & H.J.Lam
- Clerodendrum brazzavillense A.Chev.
- Clerodendrum brunfelsiiflorum Hallier f.
- Clerodendrum brunnescens Moldenke
- Clerodendrum brunsvigioides Baker
- Clerodendrum buchananii (Roxb.) Walp.
- Clerodendrum buchananii Wall., 1831
- Clerodendrum buchneri Gürke
- Clerodendrum buettneri Gürke
- 臭牡丹 Clerodendrum bungei Steud.
- 化石樹 Clerodendrum calamitosum L.
- 灰毛大青 Clerodendrum canescens Wall. ex Walp.
- Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd.) Schumach.
- Clerodendrum carnosulum Baker
- Clerodendrum caryopteroides Moldenke
- Clerodendrum caulambum Exell
- Clerodendrum cauliflorum Vatke
- Clerodendrum cecil-fischeri A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
- Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv.
- Clerodendrum ceramense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum cernuum Wall. ex Steud.
- Clerodendrum chamaeriphes Wernham
- Clerodendrum chartaceum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum chevalieri Moldenke
- 重瓣臭茉莉 Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb.
- Clerodendrum chlorisepalum Merr. ex Moldenke
- Clerodendrum cochinchinense Dop
- 腺茉莉 Clerodendrum colebrookeanum Walp.
- Clerodendrum comans Moldenke
- 川黔大青 Clerodendrum confine S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang
- Clerodendrum corbisieri DeWild.
- Clerodendrum costatum R.Br.
- Clerodendrum cruentum Lindl.
- Clerodendrum cubensis Schauer, 1847
- Clerodendrum curtisii H.Pearson, 1901
- Clerodendrum cuspidatum Turcz.
- 大青 Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.
- Clerodendrum dauphinense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum decaryi Moldenke
- Clerodendrum deflexum Wall.
- Clerodendrum dembianense Chiov.
- Clerodendrum densiflorum Griff.
- Clerodendrum dentatum Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum denticulatum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum dependens Aug.DC.
- Clerodendrum dewittei Moldenke
- Clerodendrum dicolor Vatke, 1882
- Clerodendrum dinklagei Gürke
- Clerodendrum disparifolium Blume
- Clerodendrum dusenii Gürke
- Clerodendrum eburneum Chiov., 1951
- Clerodendrum ekmanii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum elbertii Hallier f.
- Clerodendrum elegans Manetti ex Lem.
- Clerodendrum elliotii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum emirnense Bojer ex Hook.
- Clerodendrum erectum DeWild.
- 狗牙大青 Clerodendrum ervatamioides C.Y.Wu
- Clerodendrum eucalycinum Oliv.
- Clerodendrum eupatorioides Baker
- Clerodendrum excavatum DeWild.
- Clerodendrum farafanganense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum farinosum Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum fasciculatum B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum filipes Moldenke
- Clerodendrum finetii Dop
- Clerodendrum fischeri Gürke ex Engl., 1894
- Clerodendrum fistulosum Becc.
- Clerodendrum fistulosum Bower
- Clerodendrum floribundum R.Br.
- Clerodendrum foetidum Hort.Par. ex Planch.
- Clerodendrum formicarum Gürke
- Clerodendrum fortunatum Buch.-Ham. ex Wall., 1831
- 白花灯笼 Clerodendrum fortunatum L.
- Clerodendrum fortunei Hemsl.
- Clerodendrum fragrans Vent
- Clerodendrum francavilleanum Buchinger ex B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum frutectorum S.Moore
- Clerodendrum fugitans Wernham
- Clerodendrum fuscum Gürke
- Clerodendrum galeatum Balf.f.
- 泰国垂茉莉 Clerodendrum garrettianum Craib
- Clerodendrum gaudichaudii Dop
- Clerodendrum geoffrayi Dop
- Clerodendrum gibbosum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum giganteum (Moldenke) Phillipson & Callm.
- Clerodendrum glandulosum Colebr. ex Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum glandulosum Lindl.
- Clerodendrum globosum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum globuliflorum B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum godefroyi Kuntze
- Clerodendrum gratum Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum grayi Munir
- Clerodendrum grevei Moldenke
- 西垂茉莉 Clerodendrum griffithianum C.B.Clarke
- Clerodendrum haematolasium Hallier f.
- Clerodendrum hahnianum Dop
- 海南赬桐 Clerodendrum hainanense Hand.-Mazz.
- Clerodendrum harmandianum Dop
- Clerodendrum hastatum (Roxb.) Lindl.
- Clerodendrum helianthemifolium Wall. ex Steud.
- Clerodendrum hendersonii Moldenke
- 南垂茉莉 Clerodendrum henryi C.Pei
- Clerodendrum herbaceum Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum heterophyllum (Poir.) W.T.Aiton, 1812
- Clerodendrum hettae Hallier f.
- Clerodendrum hexangulatum B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum hildebrandtii Vatke
- Clerodendrum hircinum Schauer
- Clerodendrum hiulcum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum holstii Gürke ex Baker, 1900
- Clerodendrum humbertii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum inaequipetiolatum R.D.Good
- 长管大青 Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze
- 长管大青 Clerodendrum indicum Druce, 1914
- 苦郎树 Clerodendrum inerme R.Br., 1810
- Clerodendrum infortunatum L.
- Clerodendrum insolitum Moldenke
- 墾丁苦林盤 Clerodendrum intermedium Cham.
- Clerodendrum involucratum Vatke
- Clerodendrum izuinsulare K.Inoue, M.Haseg. & Shiro Kobay.
- 赬桐 Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Makino, 1903
- Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet
- Clerodendrum johnstonii Oliv.
- Clerodendrum johorense Moldenke
- 赪桐 Clerodendrum kaempferi Fisch. ex C.Morren
- 浙江大青 Clerodendrum kaichianum P.S.Hsu
- Clerodendrum kamhyoae Phillipson & L.Allorge
- Clerodendrum kampotense Dop
- Clerodendrum kanichi DeWild.
- Clerodendrum katangensis DeWild.
- Clerodendrum kauderni Moldenke
- 江西大青 Clerodendrum kiangsiense Merr. ex H.L.Li
- Clerodendrum kinabaluense Stapf
- Clerodendrum klemmei Elmer
- 广东大青 Clerodendrum kwangtungense Hand.-Mazz.
- Clerodendrum laciniatum Balf.f.
- Clerodendrum laevifolium Blume
- Clerodendrum lanceoliferum S.Moore
- Clerodendrum lanessanii Dop
- Clerodendrum lankawiense King & Gamble
- Clerodendrum lanuginosum Blume
- Clerodendrum lastellei Moldenke
- Clerodendrum laxiflorum Baker
- Clerodendrum leandrii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum lecomtei Dop
- Clerodendrum leucobotrys Breteler
- Clerodendrum leucophloeum Balf.f.
- Clerodendrum lindenianum A.Rich.
- 尖齿臭茉莉 Clerodendrum lindleyi Decne. ex Planch.
- Clerodendrum lloydianum Craib
- Clerodendrum longiflorum Decne.
- 长叶大青 Clerodendrum longilimbum C.Pei
- Clerodendrum longisepalum Dop
- Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc.
- 黄腺大青 Clerodendrum luteopunctatum C.Pei & S.L.Chen
- Clerodendrum luzonense Merr.
- Clerodendrum macrocalycinum Baker
- Clerodendrum macrostegium K.Schum.
- Clerodendrum macrostegium Schauer
- Clerodendrum madaeera Voigt
- Clerodendrum madagascariense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum magnificum Warb.
- Clerodendrum magnoliifolium Baker
- Clerodendrum mananjariense Moldenke
- 海通 Clerodendrum mandarinorum Diels
- Clerodendrum mandrarense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum mannii Baker
- Clerodendrum manombense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum margaritense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum melanocrater Gürke
- Clerodendrum micans Gürke
- Clerodendrum mildbraedii B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn.
- Clerodendrum mindorense Merr.
- Clerodendrum moramangense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum morigono Chiov.
- Clerodendrum multibracteatum Merr.
- Clerodendrum myrianthum Mildbr.
- Clerodendrum myricoides Gürke
- Clerodendrum myricoides R.Br.
- Clerodendrum myrmecophilum Ridl.
- Clerodendrum myrtifolium Moldenke
- Clerodendrum nereifolium (Roxb.) King & Gamble, 1847
- Clerodendrum nereifolium (Roxb.) Steud., 1840
- Clerodendrum nereifolium Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum nhatrangense Dop
- Clerodendrum nicolsonii A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
- Clerodendrum nipense Urb.
- Clerodendrum nutans Wall. ex Jack
- Clerodendrum nutans Wall., 1829
- Clerodendrum ohwii Kaneh. & Hatus.
- Clerodendrum palmatolobatum Dop
- 圆锥大青 Clerodendrum paniculatum L.
- Clerodendrum panigrahianum A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
- Clerodendrum parvitubulatum B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum parvulum L.S.Sm.
- Clerodendrum paucidentatum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum pauciflorum Moldenke
- 长梗大青 Clerodendrum peii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum penduliflorum Wall.
- Clerodendrum peregrinum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum perrieri Moldenke
- Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S.Moore
- Clerodendrum petunioides Baker
- Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f.
- Clerodendrum phlomoides DC.
- Clerodendrum phyllomega Steud.
- Clerodendrum pierreanum Dop
- Clerodendrum pleiosciadium Gürke
- Clerodendrum poggei Gürke
- Clerodendrum polyanthum Gürke
- Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker
- Clerodendrum porphyrocalyx Lauterb. & K.Schum.
- Clerodendrum praetervisa Guinea
- Clerodendrum premnoides Moldenke
- Clerodendrum preslii Elmer
- Clerodendrum pubescens Walp., 1843
- Clerodendrum pubiflorum (Bakh. ex Moldenke) Wearn
- Clerodendrum pulverulentum Engl.
- Clerodendrum pusillum Gürke
- Clerodendrum putre Schauer
- Clerodendrum pygmaeum Merr.
- Clerodendrum pynaertii DeWild.
- Clerodendrum pyrifolium Baker
- Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr.
- Clerodendrum ramosissimum Baker
- Clerodendrum revolutum Bosser
- Clerodendrum ridleyi King & Gamble
- Clerodendrum ringoetii DeWild.
- Clerodendrum robecchii Chiov.
- Clerodendrum robustum Klotzsch
- Clerodendrum roseiflorum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv.
- Clerodendrum rubellum Baker
- Clerodendrum rumphianum Bull
- Clerodendrum rumphianum DeVriese
- Clerodendrum rumphianum de Vriese
- Clerodendrum rusbyi Moldenke
- Clerodendrum sagittatum Wall.
- Clerodendrum sakaleonense Moldenke
- Clerodendrum sarawakanum H.J.Lam
- Clerodendrum sassandrense Jongkind
- Clerodendrum sayapense Wearn
- Clerodendrum scandens L. ex B.D.Jacks.
- Clerodendrum schmidtii C.B.Clarke
- Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Gürke
- Clerodendrum sericeum Wall.
- Clerodendrum serotinum hort. ex Dippel
- 三对节 Clerodendrum serratum Spreng., 1825
- Clerodendrum sessilifolium Moldenke
- Clerodendrum silvaeanum Henriq., 1892
- Clerodendrum silvanum Henriq.
- Clerodendrum silvestre B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum singwanum B.Thomas
- Clerodendrum sinuatum Hook.
- Clerodendrum smitinandii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum speciosissimum C.Morren
- Clerodendrum speciosissimum Van Geert ex Drapiez
- Clerodendrum speciosum Drapiez
- Clerodendrum speciosum Teijsm. & Binn. ex Lem.
- Clerodendrum speciosum Teijsm. & Binn., 1866
- Clerodendrum splendens A.Chev.
- Clerodendrum splendens G.Don
- Clerodendrum splendidum Wall.
- Clerodendrum subpeltatum Wernham
- Clerodendrum subreniforme Gürke
- 抽葶大青 Clerodendrum subscaposum
- Clerodendrum subtruncatum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum sylvae Adain
- Clerodendrum sylvae J.-G.Adam
- Clerodendrum sylvestre Moldenke
- Clerodendrum tanganyikense Baker
- Clerodendrum tatei (F.Muell.) Munir
- Clerodendrum tatomense Dop
- Clerodendrum ternatum Schinz
- 龍吐珠 Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf.f.,爬藤大青,吐龍珠
- Clerodendrum thouarsii Phillipson & Callm.
- Clerodendrum thyrsoideum Gürke
- 西藏大青 Clerodendrum tibetanum C.Y.Wu & S.K.Wu
- Clerodendrum tomentellum Hutch. & Dalziel
- Clerodendrum tomentosum (Vent.) R.Br.
- Clerodendrum tonkinense Dop
- Clerodendrum toxicarium Baker
- Clerodendrum toxicarium Baker ex Gürke
- Clerodendrum tracyanum (F.Muell.) Benth.
- Clerodendrum trichanthum Bosser
- Clerodendrum tricholobum Gürke
- 海州常山 Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb.
- 锈毛海州常山 Clerodendrum trichotomum var. ferrugineum
- 海州常山 Clerodendrum trichotomum var. trichotomum
- Clerodendrum trichotomum Wall., 1832
- Clerodendrum trichotonum Wall.
- Clerodendrum triflorum Vis.
- Clerodendrum tubulosum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum ubanghense A.Chev.
- 紫蝶花 Clerodendrum ugandense
- Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir.
- Clerodendrum umbratile King & Gamble
- Clerodendrum urticaefolium (Roxb.) Wall.
- Clerodendrum urticifolium (Roxb.) Wall. ex Voigt
- Clerodendrum velutinum A.Chev.
- Clerodendrum vestitum Wall. ex Steud.
- Clerodendrum villosicalyx Moldenke
- 绢毛大青 Clerodendrum villosum Blume
- Clerodendrum vinosum Moldenke
- Clerodendrum volubile P.Beauv.
- 垂茉莉 Clerodendrum wallichii
- Clerodendrum wallii Moldenke
- Clerodendrum weinlandii K.Schum. ex H.J.Lam
- Clerodendrum welwitschii Gürke
- Clerodendrum williamsii Elmer
- 滇常山 Clerodendrum yunnanense Hu
- Clerodendrum zeyheri Moldenke
- 杂交种:
- Clerodendrum ×speciosum Dombrain
- Clerodendrum ×speciosum W.Bull
參考文獻
- 大青屬,Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1994.第34頁。(擷取於2013-08-24)。
- 海州常山屬,Yang et al. 1998. 第416頁。(擷取於2013-08-24)。
- Lamiales(脣形目) (页面存档备份,存于),Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 12, July 2012.(擷取於2013-08-24)。
- Jiratthi Satthaphorn, Alan J. Paton and Charan Leeratiwong. 2022. Clerodendrum peninsulare, A New Species of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) from Thailand and A Note on C. palmatolobatum. Kew Bulletin. DOI: 10.1007/s12225-022-10000-z
- . GBIF. [2023-06-21]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-30).
- Jiratthi Satthaphorn, Alan J. Paton and Charan Leeratiwong. 2021. Clerodendrum angustipetalum, A New Species of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) from Thailand. Phytotaxa. 2(491); 177-183. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.491.2.7
参考书目
- Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1994. Flora of China: Verbenaceae, Clerodendrum(页面存档备份,存于). 17: 34–43. In C. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong (eds.) Fl. China. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
- HSIAO, Ju-Ying. 1978. 127. Verbenaceae (页面存档备份,存于). Flora of Taiwan (台灣植物誌). 4: 420-425.
- Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website(页面存档备份,存于). Version 12, July 2012 [and more or less continuously updated since]. (cached 2013.08.24)
- YANG Yuen-Po , LU Sheng-You and CHEN Tien-Tsai. 1998. 127. Verbenaceae (页面存档备份,存于). Flora of Taiwan, second edition (台灣植物誌第二版). 4: 416-420.
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