湯都

湯都巴彥[4][15][16]（菲律賓語：；貝貝因文字：、；；梵語：），中國古代又稱東都，是菲律賓在西班牙人殖民前呂宋島最主要的政體及印度化王國[17]（p. 71）[18]，位於巴石河三角洲[19][9][18]，靠近馬尼拉灣。

Tundun[1]
Tondo
ᜆᜓᜇᜓ
西元900年前[2][Notes 1]—1589年[3]
至1450年，湯都及其盟友分布區域。
至1450年，湯都及其盟友分布區域。
地位獨立國家 Barangay state (15世紀)[4]
首都Tondo
常用语言Old Tagalog[2]
Malay[2] (foreign trade)
宗教
政府Feudalism under "Bayan" led by a paramount leader called a Lakan, consisting of several Barangay social groups led by a Datu[4][7] and initially observed as a Monarchy by foreigners[10][11][7]
Lakan 
• 约 900
Unnamed Ruler represented by Jayadewa, Lord Minister of Pailah (according to LCI)
• 1430-1450
Rajah Lontok
• 1450-1515
Dayang Kalangitan
• 1521–1571
Lakandula
• 1571-1575
Rajah Sulayman
• 1575–1589
Agustin de Legazpi
历史时期Antiquity[2][Notes 3] to Early modern era[4]
• First historical mention, in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription; trade relations with the Medang Kingdom implied[2]
西元900年前[2][Notes 4]
• Various proposed dates for the founding of the neighboring Rajahnate of Maynila range as early as the 1200s (see Battle of Manila (1258) and (1365)) to the 1500s (see Battle of Manila (1500))[Notes 5]
约1200s to 约1500s
• Establishment of regular trade relations with the Ming dynasty[12]
1373
• Territorial conflict with Maynila during the reign of Rajah Matanda's mother[7]
约1520
• First arrival of Spanish colonizers and Battle of Manila (1570)
1570
• Battle of Bangkusay Channel[13]
1571
• Attack of Limahong and concurrent Tagalog revolt of 1574
1574
• Discovery of the Tondo Conspiracy, dissolution of indigenous rule, and integration into the Spanish East Indies
1589年[3]
货币Piloncitos, Gold rings, and Barter[14]
前身		继承
Prehistory of the Philippines
Barangay state
Captaincy General of the Philippines
今属于Philippines

王國成立於約公元900年，由一些巴朗蓋組成，由世襲的拉肯和達圖統治。這王國位於海上絲綢之路路線最北端，依靠與中國貿易帶來財富，並把中國商品轉手整個群島的其餘地區。在與汶萊帝國蘇丹博基爾亞的聯盟期間，湯都王國進一步達到頂峰。

自1570年開始與西班牙帝國接觸後，湯都在1571年被西班牙擊敗，被吸收為現代馬尼拉市的一個區域，結束了作為一個獨立政治實體的地位。

注释
  1. Earliest historical reference.
  2. Practiced by some members of the "Maginoo" caste, the apex social class (Scott, 1994)
  3. Earliest historical reference.
  4. Earliest historical reference.
  5. Participation as "Tondo" not explicitly mentioned in these oral history

參考

Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882) [1623]. Historica general de las islas occidentals a la Asia adyacentes llamadas Philipinas. Coleccion de Documentos ineditos para la Historia de España. Madrid

  1. Postma, Antoon (April–June 1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203. JSTOR 42633308.
  2. Postma, Antoon. . Philippine Studies (Ateneo de Manila University). June 27, 2008, 40 (2): 182–203 [2022-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-10）.
  4. . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 23 June 2015 [27 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于9 March 2016）.
  5. Maggay, Melba Padilla. . Quezon City: Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture. 1999. ISBN 971-8743-07-3.
  8. Osborne, Milton. Ninth. Australia: Allen & Unwin. 2004. ISBN 1-74114-448-5.
  9. Jocano, F. Landa. . Quezon City: Punlad Research House, Inc. 2001. ISBN 971-622-006-5.
  10. Rafael, Vicente L. (2005) The Promise of the Foreign: Nationalism and the Technics of Translation in the Spanish Philippines.
  12. Scott, William Henry. . . Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 1989. ISBN 978-9711002268.
  13. Joaquin, Nick. . Vera Reyes, Inc. 1990: 18–20.
  14. Ocampo, Ambeth R. . opinion.inquirer.net. 30 August 2011 [2017-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-16） （英语）.
  15. Junker, Laura Lee. . International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 1998, 2 (4).
  16. Renfrew, Colin, and Shennan, S. (eds.). . Cambridge.: Cambridge University Press. 1982.
  17. Schliesinger, Joachim. . Volume 4 dari Origin of Man in Southeast Asia. Booksmango. 2016 [2017-08-19]. ISBN 9781633237285. （原始内容存档于2017-08-16）.
  18. Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. as referred to in http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/#_ftn1 （页面存档备份，存于）
  19. Scott, William Henry. . Quezon City: New Day Publishers. 1992. ISBN 971-10-0524-7.
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