环形模具陨石坑

环形模具陨石坑(Ring mold crater)是火星上一种看上去像烘焙用环形模具的撞击陨石坑。这种陨坑发现于火星上部分埋藏有冰的区域,据信,它们是因陨石撞击到被碎屑覆盖的层而形成。实验室模拟证实,撞击冰层上的结果会形成“环形模具形状”。它们也比小行星撞击固体岩石形成的陨石坑更大,撞击到冰中会使冰变热,并融化成环形模具形状。这些陨石坑常见于舌状岩屑坡线状谷底沉积中。在都特罗尼勒斯桌山群一道沿火星分界线分布的峡谷—马墨耳斯谷中发现了很多[1][2][3]。它们可能是未来火星定居者寻找水冰的一条捷径。

2018年,在德克萨斯州举行的一次行星科学会议上,提出了一项关于环模陨石坑形成于撞击冰层的修正,这一新的假设涉及覆盖层[4]

尽管目前火星上寒冷干燥,但它经历过重大的气候改变,在此过程中冰和雪沉积在了一些地区。一段时间以来,人们就已知道,火星的倾斜度或倾角发生过多次重大变化,因为它的两颗小卫星缺乏足够的质量和引力,无法像月球稳定地球般地来稳定住火星,有时火星的倾斜度甚至超过了80度[5][6]。由于这些气候变化,形成了一层层的冰,当被小行星撞击时,就会形成环模型陨石坑。

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参考资料

  1. Kress, A., J. Head. 2008. Ring-mold craters in lineated valley fill and lobate debris aprons on Mars: Evidence for subsurface glacial ice. Geophys.Res. Lett: 35. L23206-8
  2. Baker, D. et al. 2010. Flow patterns of lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill north of Ismeniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for extensive mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian. Icarus: 207. 186-209
  3. Kress., A. and J. Head. 2009. Ring-mold craters on lineated valley fill, lobate debris aprons, and concentric crater fill on Mars: Implications for near-surface structure, composition, and age. Lunar Planet. Sci: 40. abstract 1379
  4. Baker, D., L. Carter. 2018. Formation of Impact Crater Landforms within Glacial Deposits on Mars. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1589.pdf
  5. name= Touma J. and J. Wisdom. 1993. The Chaotic Obliquity of Mars. Science 259, 1294-1297.
  6. Laskar, J., A. Correia, M. Gastineau, F. Joutel, B. Levrard, and P. Robutel. 2004. Long term evolution and chaotic diffusion of the insolation quantities of Mars. Icarus 170, 343-364.

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