相变材料
相变材料(英語:,缩写为:PCM)是指在相变时放出或吸收大量热,以达到加热或降温作用的物质。通常情况下,该物质将在液态和固态间进行转变,但也可以在非传统状态间进行转变,例如从一种结晶态转变为能量更高或更低的另一种结晶态。
相变材料物质状态改变时所需的熔化热通常远大于其显热,相变温度(PCT)附近融化和凝固时,相变材料可以储存和释放巨大的能量。例如,冰融化成水的熔化热为333.55 J/g,即一克冰需要吸收333.55 J热量才能融化成水。然而一克水吸收4.18 J热量温度升高1度。因此水/冰是一种非常有用的相变材料,自阿契美尼德王朝开始人们就用它在冬天释放热量,在夏天给房子降温。
相变材料可按组成物质种类进行分类。有机相变材料通常从石油、植物或动物上提取,水合盐相变材料通常由海水或矿物中提取。还有一类是固体转变为固体的相变材料。他们在生活中有着广泛的应用,加热垫、电话配电箱冷却和服饰制造等都可以看到相变材料的身影。
特性和分类
液体→固体、固体→液体、固体→气体和液体→气体的变化过程均可储存潜热,但只有液体→固体和固体→液体变化过程较为现实。尽管液体→气体过程中转换的热量更多,但是气态体积较大,存储需要高压,不易于使用。固态→固态的转变速度十分缓慢,转换的热量相对较少。
固态-液态相变材料在达到相变温度前,其特性与显热储存材料相似,吸收热量的同时温度逐渐上升。但是当到达相变温度(熔点)时,开始大量吸收热量,但是温度保持不变,材料完全融化后,温度继续上升。当液态材料所处环境温度下降时便开始凝固,释放其所储存的潜热。各种相变材料可供选择,−5到190 °C之间任意相变温度均有对应。[1]而在20-30 °C人体舒适温度范围内,有些材料潜热吸收十分高效,可以达到200 kJ/kg,与之对应的石料的热容一般为1 kJ/kg.°C,因此保持相同温度时每千克材料吸收的热量是石料的200倍。[2]水的比热容为4.21 kJ/kg.°C,该材料存储密度为水的12.5倍至50倍之间。
有机相变材料
应用
参见
热导管
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- Phase Change Matters (页面存档备份,存于) (industry blog)
参考资料
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来源
- PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) BASED ENERGY STORAGE MATERIALS AND GLOBAL APPLICATION EXAMPLES
Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAE HVAC Applications (页面存档备份,存于)
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