紐西蘭人口

紐西蘭人口涵蓋了紐西蘭500萬居民的性別、種族、宗教、地理和經濟背景。紐西蘭人自昵稱「Kiwi」(源自奇異鳥),主要居住於北島的都會區。前五大城市依序為奧克蘭(擁有紐西蘭三分之一的人口)、基督城威靈頓漢密頓陶朗加。少數紐西蘭人則居住在北島和南島兩大主島以外的島嶼:懷希基島位近奧克蘭,擁有7689位居民,是人口最多的小島;而大巴里爾島查塔姆群島斯圖爾特島各有低於1000人的少量人口。紐西蘭是紐西蘭王國的一部分;王國的國土另包括托克勞羅斯屬地庫克群島紐埃,而在上述地區出生者也被認定為廣義的紐西蘭人。2006年,上述地區的居民已普遍認同自己是紐西蘭人,而非僅是特定地區的居民。

紐西蘭人口密度圖(2006年)
  少於1人/平方公里
  1人/平方公里以上
  10人/平方公里以上
  250人/平方公里以上
  1000人/平方公里以上
  4000人/平方公里以上

紐西蘭人

紐西蘭人昵稱「Kiwi」,源自於紐西蘭的國鳥國家象徵、一種不會飛的鳥——奇異鳥[1][2]。毛利外來語「Pākehā」(紐西蘭白人)是指歐洲裔的紐西蘭人(但有些紐西蘭人並不喜歡這個稱謂)[3][4],部分毛利人則用指非玻里尼西亞裔的紐西蘭人[5]。2006年以前出生於紐西蘭或紐西蘭王國其他地區(托克勞羅斯屬地庫克群島紐埃)者為紐西蘭公民;此後出生者則適用較嚴格的條件限制[6][註 1]

人口

紐西蘭歷年人口變化(黑線)及預期發展變化(紅線)
歷次紐西蘭人口普查
年份人口±%
1926 1,408,139    
1936 1,573,812+11.8%
1945 1,702,298+8.2%
1951 1,939,472+13.9%
1961 2,414,984+24.5%
1971 2,862,631+18.5%
1981 3,175,737+10.9%
1991 3,434,949+8.2%
2001 3,820,749+11.2%
2013 4,353,198+13.9%
来源:紐西蘭統計局

由2006年人口調查的4,027,947人推算,2011年紐西蘭估計人口數已經到達約440萬人[7][8]。2010年統計資料顯示,婦女生育年齡的中位數為30歲,而生育率為平均每名婦女養育2.1個孩童;而毛利人口的年齡中位數為26歲,生育率為2.8[9]。2010年年齡標準化死亡率為3.8‰(較2000年的4.8‰降低),總人口的嬰兒死亡率為5.1‰[9]。此外,2008年出生的紐西蘭兒童的預期壽命,男女分別為78.4歲和82.4歲[10]。專家預測2050年紐西蘭人的平均壽命將到達80歲至85歲,同時嬰兒死亡率將持續下降[11]。2050年預計紐西蘭人口將到達530萬人,年齡中位數將從36歲提升至43歲,而60歲以上的老年人口比例將從18%提升至29%[11]

重要人口数据(自1921年)[12]
人口总数 出生人数 死亡人数 自然增长数 出生率(‰) 死亡率(‰) 自然增长率(‰) 总和生育率(‰)
192129,62311,47418,1493.08
192230,44811,87418,5743.08
192329,14812,23916,9092.96
192429,26011,54017,7202.93
192529,86911,84418,0252.90
192629,90412,51717,3872.88
19271,429,70029,27812,60016,67820.38.811.62.79
19281,450,40028,93812,86016,07819.88.811.02.70
19291,467,40028,85913,22015,63919.59.010.62.64
19301,486,10028,82213,14515,67719.38.810.52.60
19311,506,80028,86713,06215,80519.18.610.42.56
19321,522,80027,53512,87514,66018.08.49.62.38
19331,534,70027,20412,86214,34217.78.39.32.31
19341,547,10027,22013,81013,41017.58.98.62.29
19351,558,40027,15013,66413,48617.48.78.62.25
19361,569,70028,39514,65813,73718.09.38.72.30
19371,584,60029,89615,21514,68118.89.69.22.39
19381,601,80030,84516,87413,97119.210.58.72.44
19391,618,30032,87215,93316,93920.29.810.42.56
19401,641,60036,94515,87521,07022.69.712.92.84
19411,633,60039,17017,04722,12324.010.413.62.93
19421,631,20037,81818,11719,70123.111.112.12.87
19431,636,40034,68417,12217,56221.210.410.72.61
19441,642,00038,03717,04920,98822.910.312.72.85
19451,676,30041,53417,68623,84824.410.414.03.10
19461,727,80047,52417,72029,80427.110.117.03.45
19471,781,20049,69817,44232,25627.69.717.93.63
19481,817,50049,06217,28531,77726.79.417.33.57
19491,853,90048,84117,57831,26326.19.416.73.53
19501,892,10049,33118,08431,24725.89.516.43.55
19511,927,70049,80618,83630,97025.69.715.93.60
19521,970,50051,84618,89632,95026.09.516.53.67
19532,024,60051,88818,35433,53425.39.016.43.65
19542,074,70054,05518,87635,17925.89.016.83.78
19552,118,40055,59619,22536,37126.09.017.03.88
19562,164,80056,53119,69636,83525.89.016.83.98
19572,209,20058,42520,86237,56326.19.316.84.03
19582,262,80060,55620,30140,25526.58.917.64.11
19592,316,00061,79821,12840,67026.49.017.44.18
19602,359,70062,77920,89241,88726.48.817.64.24
19612,403,60065,39021,78243,60826.99.017.94.31
19622,461,30065,01422,08142,93326.18.917.34.19
19632,515,80064,52722,41642,11125.48.816.64.05
19642,566,90062,30222,86139,44124.08.815.23.80
19652,617,00060,04722,97637,07122.78.714.03.54
19662,663,80060,00323,77836,22522.38.813.53.41
19672,711,30061,02223,00738,01522.48.413.93.35
19682,745,00062,11224,46437,64822.58.913.63.34
19692,773,00062,36024,16138,19922.48.713.73.28
19702,804,00062,05024,84037,21021.98.813.23.17
19712,852,10064,46024,30940,15122.48.514.03.18
19722,898,50063,21524,80138,41421.68.513.13.00
19732,959,70060,72725,31235,41520.38.511.82.76
19743,024,90059,33625,26134,07519.48.311.12.58
19753,091,90056,63925,11431,52518.28.110.12.37
19763,143,70055,10525,45729,64817.58.19.42.27
19773,163,40054,17925,96128,21817.18.28.92.21
19783,166,40051,02924,66926,36016.17.88.32.07
19793,165,20052,27925,34026,93916.58.08.52.12
19803,163,90050,54226,67623,86615.98.47.52.03
19813,176,40050,79425,15025,64415.97.98.12.01
19823,194,50049,93825,53224,40615.68.07.61.95
19833,226,80050,47425,99124,48315.68.07.51.92
19843,264,80051,63625,37826,25815.77.78.01.93
19853,293,00051,79827,48024,31815.78.37.41.93
19863,303,10052,82427,04525,77916.08.27.81.96
19873,313,50055,25427,41927,83516.68.28.42.03
19883,342,10057,54627,40830,13817.28.29.02.10
19893,345,20058,09127,04231,04917.38.19.22.12
19903,369,80060,15326,53133,62217.77.89.92.18
19913,410,40059,91126,38933,52217.37.69.72.09
19923,516,00059,16627,11532,05116.77.79.12.06
19933,552,20058,78227,10031,68216.47.68.92.04
19943,597,90057,32126,95330,36815.87.48.41.98
19953,648,20057,67127,81329,85815.77.68.11.98
19963,706,70057,28028,25529,02515.37.67.81.96
19973,762,30057,60427,47130,13315.27.38.01.96
19983,802,60055,34926,20629,14314.56.97.61.89
19993,829,20057,05328,12228,93114.97.37.51.97
20003,851,20056,60526,66029,94514.76.97.81.98
20013,886,70055,80027,82527,97214.367.167.201.97
20023,951,20054,02128,06525,95613.677.106.571.89
20034,027,70056,13628,01128,12513.946.956.991.93
20044,088,70058,07428,41929,65514.206.957.251.98
20054,136,00057,74427,03330,71113.966.547.421.97
20064,185,30059,19328,24530,94814.146.757.392.01
20074,226,20064,04428,52135,52015.156.758.402.18
20084,262,00064,34129,18735,15415.106.858.252.19
20094,304,90062,54128,96533,57914.536.737.802.13
20104,353,00063,89728,43735,45714.686.538.152.17
20114,386,30061,40430,08131,32014.006.867.142.09
20124,410,70061,17930,09931,08013.876.827.052.10
20134,446,70058,71929,56829,14813.206.656.552.01
20144,521,00057,24331,06226,18112.686.885.801.92
20154,614,00061,03831,60829,43013.276.876.401.99
20164,716,00059,43031,17928,25112.656.646.011.87
20174,814,00059,61033,33926,27112.436.955.481.81
20184,900,00058,02033,22224,79811.766.735.031.71
20194,991,00059,63734,26025,37712.136.975.161.75
20205,073,00057,57332,61324,96011.336.404.931.61
20215,117,00058,65934,93223,72711.56.84.6

宗教

族群概況如英國移民在北島和南島北部、蘇格蘭在南島南部,反映了英國國教會和長老教會的地理分布。

基督教是紐西蘭最主要的宗教信仰;根據2006年紐西蘭人口普查,恰過半的人口為基督徒,但同時教會出席率約僅為15%[14][15]。在2006年普查中,55.6%的紐西蘭人自認是基督徒,34.7%表示自己沒有宗教信仰(較2001年的29.6%上升),而約4%屬於其他宗教[16]{{NoteTag另外6%紐西蘭人拒絕透露他們的信仰。紐西蘭統計局並未匯報「其他」宗教的總百分比例。依據自認信仰基督教和信仰其他宗教的人數,「其他」宗教的總百分比可落在3%至5%的範圍內。這些數據的調查對象為一般居民人口,不包括另外7%未提供可用資訊的受訪民眾。在非基督教信仰人口中,移民佔了八成[17],其餘為傳統的毛利信仰、猶太教(24%移民)和巴哈伊教(20%移民)[18]

註釋

  1. 詳參見:紐西蘭國籍法

參考文獻

引用

  1. Simon Dalby. . Political Geography: 437–456. [2018-04-02]. doi:10.1016/0962-6298(93)90012-v. (原始内容存档于2018-06-15).
  2. Callister, Paul. (PDF). New Zealand Population Review. 2004, 30 (1&2): 5–22 [2012-08-27]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-05-15).
  3. Misa, Tapu. . New Zealand Herald. 2006-03-08 [2012-08-27]. (原始内容存档于2012-04-12).
  4. . Statistics New Zealand. 2009-04 [2011-01-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-11-13).
  5. Ranford, Jodie. . Māori News. [2008-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-07).
  6. . New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs. [2011-03-03]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-05).
  7. . Statistics New Zealand. [2011-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-03). 人口時鐘每10分鐘更新一次。
  8. . Statistics New Zealand. [2011-05-08]. (原始内容存档于2011年5月10日).
  9. . Statistics New Zealand. [2011-04-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-22).
  10. . Births and Deaths: December 2009 quarter. Statistics New Zealand. [2010-04-27]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-13).
  11. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. 2009 [2009-08-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-10-24).
  12. Data from 1921 to 2000 were taken from: . Institut national d'études démographiques. [5 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于19 July 2018).
    Population data from 2001 onwards were taken from: . Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa. 2018 [5 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-20).
    Other data from 2001 onwards were taken from: . Stats NZ Tatauranga Aotearoa. 18 February 2018 [5 August 2018]. (原始内容存档于2022-03-06).
  13. . Statistics New Zealand. 2017-10-24 [2017-10-24]. For urban areas, . Statistics New Zealand. 2017-10-24 [2017-10-24].
  14. Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables 存檔,存档日期2011-07-24..
  15. Opie, Stephen. (PDF). Bible Society of New Zealand. 2008-06: 4 [2010-05-29]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-05-26).
  16. . Statistics New Zealand. [2011-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-03).
  17. . Statistics NZ Home > Census > 2006 Census Data > About a Subject. Statistics New Zealand (www.stats.govt.nz). [2010-05-29]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-03).
  18. Thomson, Barbara. (PDF). Ethnic Affairs Service Information Series (Research Unit, Department of Internal Affairs): 178, 183. [2009-09-19]. ISBN 0-478-09244-X. ISSN 1173-7166. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-10-14).

来源

书籍
  • Bain, Carolyn. . Lonely Planet. 2006. ISBN 1-74104-535-5.
  • Crystal, David. . Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-53033-0.
  • Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth. . Edinburgh University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1.
  • Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar; Burridge, Kate; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive. . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 2004. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.

参见

外部链接

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