素数倒数幻方

素数倒数幻方(prime reciprocal magic square)是指用素数倒数及其倍數的循環小數各位數組成的幻方。有些素数的倒数則可以形成對角線和也滿足條件的幻方。

考慮在十進制下的1/7,其小數為循環小數1/7 = 0·142857142857142857...,若再考慮其倍數,會看到這六個數字的循環排列

1/7 = 0·1 4 2 8 5 7...
2/7 = 0·2 8 5 7 1 4...
3/7 = 0·4 2 8 5 7 1...
4/7 = 0·5 7 1 4 2 8...
5/7 = 0·7 1 4 2 8 5...
6/7 = 0·8 5 7 1 4 2...

若用上述數字形成方陣,每一列的和是1+4+2+8+5+7,即為27,每一行的和也是27,若不考慮對角線,因此可以形成一個幻方:

1 4 2 8 5 7
2 8 5 7 1 4
4 2 8 5 7 1
5 7 1 4 2 8
7 1 4 2 8 5
8 5 7 1 4 2

不過其對角線不是27。

考慮1/19的倍數,下一行是上一行的二倍,而小數位數似乎右移一位:

01/19 = 0.052631578,947368421
02/19 = 0.1052631578,94736842
04/19 = 0.21052631578,9473684
08/19 = 0.421052631578,947368
16/19 = 0.8421052631578,94736

分子乘以2會讓小數的位數右移一位:

在1/19形成的方陣中,其最大週期為18,每一行及每一列的和是81,而且對角線也是81,完全符合幻方的條件:

01/19 = 0·0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1...
02/19 = 0·1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2...
03/19 = 0·1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3...
04/19 = 0·2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4...
05/19 = 0·2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5...
06/19 = 0·3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6...
07/19 = 0·3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7...
08/19 = 0·4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8...
09/19 = 0·4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9...
10/19 = 0·5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0...
11/19 = 0·5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1...
12/19 = 0·6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2...
13/19 = 0·6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3...
14/19 = 0·7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4...
15/19 = 0·7 8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5...
16/19 = 0·8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8 9 4 7 3 6...
17/19 = 0·8 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7...
18/19 = 0·9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8...

在各素數在不同進制下,也可能會有相同的現象,以下是列表,列出素數、進制以及幻方和 ((進制-1) 乘 (素數-1) / 2:

素數進制幻方和
191081
5312286
5334858
59229
67233
83241
8919792
167685,561
199413,960
19915014,751
2112105
2233222
29314721,316
3075612
383101,719
38936069,646
3975792
42133870,770
48761,215
503420105,169
587368107,531
5933592
6318727,090
677407137,228
757759286,524
787134,716
8113810
9771,222595,848
1,033115,160
1,18713579,462
1,30752,612
1,499117,490
1,8771916,884
1,933146140,070
2,0112625,125
2,02721,013
2,1416366,340
2,53921,269
3,18797152,928
3,3731116,860
3,659126228,625
3,9473567,082
4,26122,130
4,81322,406
5,64775208,902
6,11336,112
6,27723,138
7,28323,641
8,38724,193

相關條目

參考資料

Rademacher, H. and Toeplitz, O. The Enjoyment of Mathematics: Selections from Mathematics for the Amateur. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 158–160, 1957.

Weisstein, Eric W. "Midy's Theorem." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MidysTheorem.html 页面存档备份,存于

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