胡椒属

胡椒属植物在经济和生态方面都很重要，包括大约有1,000-2,000余种，有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小乔木，胡椒科植物既不属于双子叶植物也不属于单子叶植物，和三白草科亲源关系较近，在胡椒科内，胡椒属和草胡椒属的亲源关系较近。

胡椒属
P. magnificum
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 木兰类植物 Magnoliids
目： 胡椒目 Piperales
科： 胡椒科 Piperaceae
属： 胡椒属 Piper
L., 1754
种

1000–2000

異名
  • Anderssoniopiper Trel.
  • Arctottonia Trel.
  • Artanthe Miq.
  • Chavica Miq.
  • Discipiper Trel. & Stehlé
  • Lepianthes Raf.
  • Lindeniopiper Trel.
  • Macropiper Miq.
  • Ottonia Spreng.
  • Pleiostachyopiper Trel.
  • Pleistachyopiper Trel.
  • Pothomorphe Miq.
  • Trianaeopiper Trel.

胡椒属植物分布在世界各地的热带地区，多数品种生长在热带雨林中，也有少数品种可以生长在比较开阔地带或亚热带地区。

部分胡椒属藤本品种在温暖地区可以作为园艺品种，但胡椒属的主要用途还是作为香料和蔬菜，人类最早在大约9,000年前就已经知道应用胡椒作为食品香料，主要用黑胡椒（Piper nigrum），此外像墨西哥叶胡椒（Piper auritum）、荜澄茄（Piper cubeba）、长胡椒（Piper longum）、西非胡椒（Piper guineen）也常被应用。越南的罗洛胡椒（Piper lolot）以及东南亚的假蒟（Piper sarmentosum）叶子都是当地的蔬菜。胡椒属许多品种还被许多地方作为当地的草药使用。

黑胡椒种子，从左到右:
绿色盐渍的熟种子
白色干燥的熟种子
黑色干燥的未熟种子
长果胡椒
Piper grandifolium
长胡椒 (Piper longum)
黑胡椒 (Piper nigrum)
假荜拔

主要品种

胡椒属植物在美洲有约700种，在东南亚有300余种，在南太平洋有40多种，在非洲有约15种。[1]

  • 蘭嶼風藤 Piper arborescens
  • Piper achupallasense
  • Piper aduncum
  • Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
  • Piper alwynii M. A. Jaram., 2023[2]
  • Piper amalgo
  • Piper angamarcanum
  • 兰屿胡椒 Piper arborescens Roxb.
  • 西藏胡椒 Piper arunachalense Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar
  • 卵叶胡椒 Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.
  • 墨西哥胡椒叶 Piper auritum
  • 华南胡椒 Piper austrosinense Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper azuaiense
  • Piper baezanum
  • Piper baezense
  • Piper begoniiforme
  • 蒌叶 Piper betle L.
  • 苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium (Miq.) C. DC.
    • 光轴苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense C. DC.
  • 复毛胡椒 Piper bonii C. DC.
    • 大叶复毛胡椒 Piper bonii var. macrophyllum Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper borneense
  • Piper brachipilum
  • Piper brachystylum
  • Piper bullatifolium
  • Piper caldense C.DC.
  • Piper callejasii W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram.[3]
  • Piper campii
  • Piper caninum , SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
  • Piper candollei
  • 华山蒌 Piper cathayanum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
  • Piper cenocladum – "ant piper"
  • 长果胡椒 Piper chaba
  • 勐海胡椒 Piper chaudocanum C. DC.
  • Piper chimborazoense
  • Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
  • 中华胡椒 Piper chinense Miq.
  • Piper clathratum
  • Piper claussenianum
  • Piper coeloneurum
  • Piper cordulatum
  • 荜澄茄 Piper cubeba
  • Piper cutucuense
  • 大苗山胡椒 Piper damiaoshanense Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper darienense – duermeboca (巴拿马), kana (Kuna)
  • Piper decurrens
  • Piper densiciliatum
  • Piper diffundum
  • Piper disparipilum
  • Piper distigmatum
  • Piper dodsonii
  • Piper entradense
  • Piper eriocladum
  • Piper eustylum
  • Piper fallenii
  • 琉球胡椒 Piper ferriei C. DC.
  • Piper fimbriulatum
  • 黄花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
  • Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
  • Piper glabratum Kunth
  • Piper grandifolium
  • Piper gualeanum
  • Piper guayasanum
  • 西非胡椒 Piper guineense
  • 海南蒟 Piper hainanense Hemsl.
  • 山蒟 Piper hancei Maxim.
  • 哈曼氏胡椒 Piper harmandii C. DC.
  • Piper hillianum C.DC.
  • Piper hispidinervum
  • 河池胡椒 Piper hochiense Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper huigranum
  • Piper hydrolapathum
  • Piper hylebates
  • Piper hylophilum
  • Piper imperiale
  • 沉果胡椒 Piper infossum Y. Q. Tseng
  • 疏果胡椒 Piper interruptum Opiz
  • 尖峰岭胡椒 Piper jianfenglingense C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan[4]
  • 风藤 Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi
  • 恆春風藤 Piper kawakamii Hayata
  • Piper kerrii Suwanph. and Y.Banchong, 2023[5]
  • Piper kurzii Ridl.[5]
  • 绿岛胡椒 Piper kwashoense Hayata
  • 大叶蒟 Piper laetispicum C. DC.[5]
  • Piper lanatum Roxb.[5]
  • Piper laevigatum Kunth, 1815
  • Piper leptostachyum Wall. ex Miq.[5]
  • Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
  • Piper lineatipilosum Yunck., 1959
  • 陵水胡椒 Piper lingshuiense Y. C. Tseng
  • 罗洛胡椒 Piper lolot C.DC., 1898
  • Piper lonchites Roem. & Schult.[5]
  • Piper longicaudatum
  • 蓽拔 Piper longum L.，长胡椒
  • Piper lucigaudens
  • Piper macrophyllum
  • 粗梗胡椒 Piper macropodum C. DC.
  • 麻根 Piper magen B. Q. Cheng ex C. L. Long & Jun Yang[6]
  • Piper magnificum – Lacquered Pepper
  • Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
  • Piper manabinum
  • Piper marginatum
  • Piper mekongense
  • Piper mendezense
  • Piper mestonii
  • Piper metallicum Hallier f., 1896
  • 卡瓦胡椒 Piper methysticum Roxb.，为Piper majusculum Blume的异名
  • Piper mexiae (Trel.) Trel. & Yunck., 1950
  • 柄果胡椒 Piper mischocarpum Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper molliusculum Sodiro, 1900
  • 墨脱胡椒 Piper motuoense X.W.Qin, F.Su & C.Y.Hao, 2024[7]
  • 短蒟 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
  • 变叶胡椒 Piper mutabile C. DC.
  • Piper nanegalense
  • Piper napo-pastazanum
  • Piper nebuligaudens
  • 黑胡椒 Piper nigrum L.，胡椒
  • Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine - 澳大利亚
  • 裸果胡椒 Piper nudibaccatum Y. Q. Tseng
  • 彩脉胡椒 Piper ornatum N.E.Br., 1884
  • Piper pachyphyllum – Mahalatsaka
  • 角果胡椒 Piper pedicellatum C. DC.
  • Piper peepuloides Roxb.[5]
  • Piper peltatum L., 1753
  • Piper permucronatum Yunck.
  • Piper perstrigosum Yunck., 1955
  • Piper phangngaense Suwanph. and Hodk., 2023[5]
  • 台东胡椒 Piper philippinum Miq.
  • 屏边胡椒 Piper pingbienense Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper platylobum
  • 线梗胡椒 Piper pleiocarpum C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
  • 樟叶胡椒 Piper polysyphonum C. DC.
  • 肉轴胡椒 Piper ponesheense C. DC.
  • Piper porphyrophyllum
  • Piper poscitum
  • Piper prietoi
  • Piper productispicum
  • Piper pseudonigrum
  • Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
  • 毛叶胡椒 Piper puberulilimbum C. DC.
  • 岩椒 Piper pubicatulum C. DC.
  • Piper puyoense
  • Piper quinchasense M. A. Jaram.[8]
  • Piper regale
  • 假荜拔 Piper retrofractum Vahl
  • Piper richardiifolium Kunth
  • Piper rugocarpum Y.Banchong and Suwanph., 2023[5]
  • Piper rostratum Roxb.[5]
  • Piper rubronodosum
  • Piper rubrovenosum
  • 红果胡椒 Piper rubrum C. DC.
  • 西贡胡椒 Piper saigonense
  • Piper saloyanum
  • Piper san-miguelense
  • 假蒟 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
  • 斜叶蒟 Piper senporeiense Yamam.
  • Piper schuppii
  • 塞舌尔胡椒 Piper seychellarum
  • Piper skutchii
  • Piper smitinandianum Suwanph. & Chantar. [5]
  • Piper sodiroi
  • 短柄胡椒 Piper stipitiforme C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper stipulosum
  • Piper subaduncum
  • 多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve C. DC.
    • 狭叶多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve var. nandanicum Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper subnitidifolium
  • 缘毛胡椒 Piper semiimmersum C. DC.
  • 半透明胡椒 Piper semi-transparens C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan[9]
  • 滇西胡椒 Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
  • Piper supernum
  • 银叶胡椒 Piper sylvaticum Roxb., 长柄胡椒
  • 台湾胡椒 Piper taiwanense T. T. Lin & S. Y. Lu
  • Piper tectonifolium Kunth
  • 球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii (C. DC.) Hook. f.
    • 小叶球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii var. microphyllum Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper trachyphyllum
  • Piper translucens Yunck.
  • Piper triandrum F.Muell.
  • 三色胡椒 Piper tricolor Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper trioicum
  • Piper truman-yunckeri
  • Piper truncatum Vell.
  • 瑞丽胡椒 Piper tsengianum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
  • 粗穗胡椒 Piper tsangyuanense P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
  • 大胡椒 Piper umbellatum L.
  • Piper unguiculatum
  • Piper valladolidense
  • Piper verrucosum
  • 石南藤 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.
  • Piper warakahoura
  • Piper wibomii
  • Piper wightii
  • 盈江胡椒 Piper yinkiangense Y. C. Tseng
  • 蒟子 Piper yunnanense Y. C. Tseng
  • Piper zarumanum

注释
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：胡椒属
  1. Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, , American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, （原始内容存档于2010-06-30）
  2. M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862
  3. William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659
  4. Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9
  5. Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08
  6. . NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
  7. Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494
  8. M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405
  9. Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1

外部链接

参考文献
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