T4噬菌体
T4噬菌体是噬菌体的一个品系,属于T-系噬菌体,为烈性噬菌体。具有典型的蝌蚪状外形:六角形的头部和可收缩的长的尾部。头部的蛋白质外壳内含有折叠的DNA分子;尾部的蛋白质外壳为一中空的长管,外面包有可收缩的尾鞘。头部大小为65*95nm,颈部长95nm,尾部120nm。
T4噬菌体 | |
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病毒分類 | |
(未分级): | 病毒 Virus |
域: | 雙鏈DNA病毒域 Duplodnaviria |
界: | 香港病毒界 Heunggongvirae |
门: | 尾噬菌體門 Uroviricota |
纲: | 有尾噬菌體綱 Caudoviricetes |
目: | 有尾噬菌体目 Caudovirales |
科: | 肌尾噬菌体科 Myoviridae |
属: | T4噬菌体属 T4virus |
种: | T4噬菌体 Enterobacteria phage T4 |
介绍
侵染寄主时,尾鞘收缩,头部的DNA即通过中空的尾部注入细胞内。T-系噬菌体是研究最广泛和深入的细菌噬菌体,侵染大肠杆菌(一种正常栖居在人类肠道中的细菌)B菌株,T为英文Type的字头,并按其发现的前后顺序编号为T1,2,3,4,5,6,7,因其偶数型(2,4,6)结构的化学组成与奇数型(1,3,5,7)不同,故又分为T-偶数系与T-奇数系。例:T4属偶数系。
结构
其构造属复合对称体制。因结构简单、遗传背景清楚、增殖容易、对人无害,故是迄今被研究得最透彻、在病毒学和分子遗传学研究中应用最广泛的模式生物之一。构造分头部、颈部和尾部3部分。头部呈拉长的二十面体结构,长95nm,宽65 nm,衣壳由9~19种蛋白质组成,蛋白质含量占 76%~81%,含有直径为6nm的衣壳粒212个。核心由线状dsDNA组成,长约50μm(约为头长的650倍),由1.7×10bp构成(包括约2.3%末端冗余)。 DNA成分特殊,以5-羟甲基胞嘧啶(HMC)取代常见的胞嘧啶。头、尾部相连处有一颈部,包括颈环和颈须,前者为一六角形盘状结构,直径37.5nm,每一角上各长一颈须,用以裹住吸附前的尾丝。长而可收缩的尾部由尾鞘、尾管、基板、刺突和尾丝5部分组成。尾鞘长95、宽22 nm,是一种由相对分子质量为55 000的衣壳粒共144个缠绕而成的24环螺旋组成。尾管长95 nm,直径8nm,中央孔道的直径为2.5~3.5 nm,它是头部核酸即基因组注入寄主细胞时的必经之路。尾管亦由24环螺旋组成,与尾鞘相对应。基板与颈环相似,为一有中央尾孔的六角形盘状物,直径为30.5 nm,上长6个刺突和6根尾丝。刺突长20nm,有吸附功能。尾丝可折成2段,长140nm,直径3~ 4nm,由2种相对分子质量较大的蛋白质和4种相对分子质量较小的蛋白质组成,能专一地吸附在敏感寄主细胞表面的相应受体上。T4的尾孔至少含溶菌酶等8种蛋白质。3种T偶数噬菌体在寄主细胞表面有不同的吸附位点:T4在大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)B菌株上的吸附位点是LPS核心多糖中的α-葡糖基-(1→3)葡萄糖末端,在K菌株上则为LPS或外膜蛋白 OmpC。 科学家们在T4噬菌体中发现了一种酶,称为T4-DNA连接酶,在转基因技术中用作黏性末端和平末端的连接酶。对平末端连接效率低下。
参考
- Padilla-Sanchez, Victor. . WikiJournal of Science. 2021, 4 (1): 5 [2021-08-06]. doi:10.15347/WJS/2021.005. (原始内容存档于2022-04-28).
延伸阅读
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