處月部
词源
汉学家尤里·阿列克谢耶维奇·祖耶夫指出,“處月”这个译名可能是仿译为“月[神]居处”;“處密”则是“日[神]居处”,其中“密”对译中古伊朗语神名Mihr,是祆教主神,掌管盟约、誓言和光明,与太阳有模糊的联系。不过,祖耶夫引Gabain(1931、1934)指出,无论是突厥佛经还是突厥摩尼教文献,都没有在提到日月(突厥语kün ay)时给出宗谱的含义。[5]令人困惑的是,祖耶夫还将Chigil与波斯语čihil“40”联系起来。[6]
Kamoliddin (2006)提出,民族地名Chigil包含语素-il(突厥语“土地、国家”)。[7]Alyılmaz (2017)将Čigil释为部落名Çik(古突厥语 𐰲𐰃𐰚:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Çik bodun)加复数后缀-GIl的产物,[8]这个部落在《唐会要》中被记作“赤”[9][10],在毗伽可汗的鄂尔浑碑铭中被称为黠戛斯的盟友、后突厥的敌人。[11]不过《唐会要》中“赤部”和沙陀部并举,[12] 不过Atwood (2010)根据埃·捷尼舍夫 (1965) & Saguchi (1986)的研究,对学术界普遍将炽俟部视同处月部(沙陀部的来源)[13]的看法表示怀疑,因为“处月”的名称与现代甘肃裕固族的一支“骨”(部落)——Chunghyl的发音很接近。[14]
至于*Čömül(阿拉伯语 Jumul جمل),H. W. Bailey认为其来自伊朗语*čamṛta < čam-“像战士一样大步走”,取“挺进者”之义。[15]
历史
Hamilton (1962)、Zuev (2002)首次将炽俟部与《隋书》中提到的铁勒職乙部联系起来。[16][17]不过,由于原文“薄落職乙咥”无标点,因此对这些人名、族名之断也各不相同,例如可能断作“[薄落職][乙咥]”两部。[18]
根据中世纪文献的记载,哈萨克斯坦Жикиль(Zhikil')城距离塔拉兹只有“一声喊的距离”。[19][20]11世纪麻赫穆德·喀什噶里的一个故事提出了关于Chigil的民间词源,将其追溯至公元前4世纪的Zu-l-Karnein(即亚历山大大帝):
Zu-l-Karnein军到达摩尼教国家Argu的塔拉兹时,一场暴雨形成了厚厚的泥浆。道路变得无法通行,愤怒的Zu-l-Karnein用波斯语喊道:“In chi gil ast?!”–“这是什么泥?!我们出不去了!”于是下令在原地建造一座名为“Chigil”的建筑,这里的突厥人于是也被称为Chigils。从Djeyhun(阿姆河)到中国,穿Chigil样式的长服的游牧突厥人也被称为Chigil[20] ... 游牧Chigil(及Tukhsī]])居住在Barsghān以外的Quyās镇附近,两条Keykān河汇入伊犁河,为他们提供了水源i[21] ... 该部落的另一支居住在塔拉兹附近的Chigil镇,第三支分部在喀什噶尔附近的同名村庄。
喀什噶尔[22]称,乌古斯人习惯把乌浒水到中原的所有突厥人都叫做“Chigil”。[23]
若中国文献中的“处月”确实是Chigil人,则处月的后裔沙陀部也将是Chigil的一支。沙陀贵族李克用本姓朱耶~朱邪,其父朱邪赤心受唐朝天子赐李姓。[24][25]李克用之子李存勖建立后唐(923–936)。
祖耶夫据司马光《资治通鉴》指出“沙陀本朱耶”[26],并进一步断言“朱邪”对译突厥语的jüz“百”。Chigil-沙陀人信仰摩尼教,“百”不仅见于军事词,也是宗教范畴,如yüz er“百僧”,古突厥碑铭一些摩尼教黠戛斯石碑上就有记载。[27] Chigil、样磨与突骑施一支、鄂尔浑突厥后裔踏实力部(Tuhsi)[28][29]联合为葛逻禄,自9世纪以来基本上混同了。[30]《世界境域志》(982–3)将Chigil人描述为葛逻禄叶护国的成员,占据了七河地区,包括葛逻禄以北以东的伊塞克湖周围。据描述,他们拥有巨额财富,国王“是自己人”。另据报道,“他们中的一些崇拜太阳和星星”。[31]
Chigil是喀喇汗国的主体民族,是军队的主力。[32]9世纪时,Chigil与样磨两部形成了葛逻禄的核心,此外还有谋落/謀剌(Bulaq?)、踏實力(Tashlyk?)、娑匐[lower-alpha 1][33](Sebeğ?)[34][35]与熾俟。Golden (1992)临时性地将“熾俟”与“處月”等同,同时Atwood (2010.1)将“熾俟”与《旧唐书》“朱斯”相联系;没有将“熾俟~朱斯”与“處月”相联系,而与沙陀部“朱邪”相联系。[36]这个葛逻禄语汗国分为东西两部分,有各自的可汗,以东为长,首都设在喀什与八剌沙衮(邻近吉尔吉斯斯坦托克马克的Buran)。他来自Chigil部,头衔是Arslan Kara-Hakan;西可汗来自样磨,头衔是Bogra Kara-Kagan,首都在塔拉兹,后来移动到撒马尔罕。[37]
11世纪,Chigil人逐渐独立出来。喀什噶尔称他们分三部。[38]
在蒙古征服突厥斯坦后,北部及天山地区的突厥人(Chigil、样磨、葛逻禄、阿儿浑、踏实力等不得不将领土让给东边的游牧族群,迁徙到了河中地区和喀什地区。[39]
宗教
Chigil人以宗教奉献而闻名。最早对Chigil人的描述是他们信奉摩尼教,后来则有聂斯脱里教的描述。七河地区是前Chigil人的领地,有丰富的基督教和前基督教遗址,塔拉兹地区的宗教遗迹和历史记录尤其丰富。已经灭绝的本都突厥人加告兹人以坚定地信仰希腊正教而著称,有一个民间传说,说他们是Chigil人的后裔。
摩尼教中,狮子是威武无情的兽中之王,是一个中心形象。这是一种外来的意识形态:狮子并不是中亚的原生动物,因此对中亚人来说原本并不具有象征意义。身着长袍的Chigil居民的礼拜堂没有经济活动痕迹,标志是狮子(突厥语Arslan, Bars)。[40]
塔拉兹、摩尼教和狮子之间的关系记录在突厥摩尼教《两根本圣书》(Iki Jïltïz Nom)中,勒柯克在吐鲁番的高昌国遗址(1907)发现了残片。这本书是献给Chigil-Arslan部落的统治者(Beg)的,名字分别是Il-Tirgüg、Ap-Burguchan、Alp-Tarhan [Henning, 1977, p. 552],完成于Argu-Tala城。手稿跋文提到了使用该书的Arslan Mengü。[41]塔拉兹有4个摩尼教修道院,分别位于Chigil-balyk、Kashu、Ordu-kent、Yigyan-kent。[42]
7世纪中叶,西突厥叶护阿史那贺鲁在起义中联合了处月、处密和葛逻禄人。祖耶夫将阿史那贺鲁的古突厥语名字构拟为*Aru,他认为这与突厥摩尼教的arïg(如arïg dïntar“纯洁的祭司”)是一个词。[43]
地名证据
中世纪文献中记载的许多居民点名称都来自Chigil,例如新疆Chigil-kant、Chigil-balyk以及七河地区的Chigil:[44] 文献提及,伊塞克湖南岸曾有Yar城,是Djikil(即Chigil)部首领的居所,[45]至今的地名仍是Chil。该地名的各种形式均来自突厥族群名Chiyal(即Chigil)。[46]
注释
- 也作“婆匐”/“婆娑”;Ecsedy (1980)认为当作“娑”
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