草蛉科
草蛉科(学名: )属脈翅目下一个大科,共有约85属,全球共有1300-2000种物种。
草蛉科 | |
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草蛉屬成蟲(Chrysopa sp.) | |
Hypochrysa elegans 成蟲 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 脉翅目 Neuroptera |
总科: | 草蛉總科 Chrysopoidea |
科: | 草蛉科 Chrysopidae Schneider, 1831 |
亚科 | |
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描述
草蛉科的昆虫翼展从6毫米到超过65毫米,其中最大的昆虫在热带。它们的特点在于翅脉上的宽肋脉区域,上面有跨脉。身体通常为亮绿色到绿褐色,很多物种的复眼是显著的特徵。翅膀通常为半透明,上面有淡淡的彩虹色.有些具有绿色的翅脉或亮褐色图案。草蛉属(Chrysopa)和其他属的物种能从前胸释放出气体。
草蛉于夜间产卵,单独产或成小群公共产卵,搭起约1厘米长的细茎,一只雌性可产100-200枚卵。卵产于植物上,通常附近有大量蚜虫。在卵孵化后,蝜蝂立刻蜕化,开始觅食。蝜蝂是贪婪的掠食者,它們袭击大部分形状适合的昆虫,尤其是蚜虫,毛毛虫和其他昆虫幼虫和卵等,在密度高的时候蝜蝂甚至會互相捕食。因此,蝜蝂又被称为“蚜狮”或者“蚜狼”。除了触觉敏感外,它们的其他感官没有发育。它们行动杂乱无章,头从一边摇到另一边,当它们发现合适的捕食对象,就抓住猎物。它们的上颌空心,可以使消化液注射到猎物上,蚜虫的器官可以在90秒内溶解。根据环境条件不同,蝜蝂需要1–3周时间化蛹,温带的物种通常以蛹的形式度过冬天。比起成蟲,草蛉幼蟲蝜蝂的背部更细,胸部有显著的拱起,两侧有硬毛;另外,蝜蝂的背部長有許多瘤突,同時蝜蝂有將被吸乾的獵物的空殼跟其他物體放到背上做偽裝的習性[3]。
成虫的前翅基部有鼓膜器,使它们能听得更清楚。有些物种在听到蝙蝠的超声波时有逃避行为-在飞行时它们关闭翅膀并降落到地上。草蛉也采用底部或者身体振动的方式来互相沟通,尤其是在求偶时。几乎相同形态的草蛉有时更容易通过求偶信号来区别。比如,南欧的Chrysoperla mediterranea与北欧Chrysoperla carnea看起来几乎完全一样,但是它们求偶声音差别非常大,一个物种的生物不会对另一个物种的振动有反应。 [4]成虫在拂晓或夜间出没。它们吃花粉,花蜜和蜂蜜,并辅以螨虫,蚜虫和其他小型节肢动物。有些物种主要是掠食者,另一些只吃花蜜,在其消化道有帮助其分解食物为营养素的共生酵母菌。[5]
下属分类
本科包括以下属:
- Abachrysa Banks, 1938
- Aberrantochrysa Khramov, 2018
- Adamsochrysa Makarkin & Archibald, 2013
- Aeolops Billberg, 1820
- Allochrysa Banks, 1903
- Anachrysa Hölzel, 1973
- Anapochrysa Kimmins, 1952
- 绢草蛉属 Ankylopteryx Brauer, 1864
- Anomalochrysa McLachlan, 1883
- Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966
- Apochrysa Schneider, 1851
- Araripechrysa Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Archaeochrysa Adams, 1967
- Asiachrysa Makarkin, 2014
- Asthenochrysa Adams & Penny, 1992
- Atlantochrysa Holzel, 1970
- Austrochrysa Esben-Petersen, 1928
- Baisochrysa Makarkin, 1997
- Belonopteryx Gerstaecker, 1863
- Berchmansus Navás, 1913
- Borniochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990
- Brinckochrysa Tjeder, 1966
- Cacarulla Navás, 1910
- Calochrysa Banks, 1943
- Caririchrysa Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Ceraeochrysa Adams, 1982
- Ceratochrysa Tjeder, 1966
- Chrysacanthia Lacroise, 1923
- Chrysaloysia
- Chrysemosa Brooks & Barnard, 1990
- Chrysocerca Weele, 1909
- 草蛉属 Chrysopa Leach, 1815
- 通草蛉属 Chrysoperla Steinmann, 1964
- Chrysopidia Navás, 1910
- Chrysopiella Banks, 1911
- Chrysopisca McLachlan, 1875
- Chrysopodes Navás, 1913
- Chrysotropia Navás, 1911
- Cimbrochrysa Schlüter, 1982
- Crassochrysa Hölzel, 1990
- Cretachrysa
- Cryptochrysa Freitas & Penny, 2001
- Cunctochrysa Hölzel, 1970
- Danochrysa Willmann, 1993
- Dichochrysa Yang, 1991
- Dictyochrysa Esben-Petersen, 1917
- Domenechus Navás, 1913
- Drakochrysa Yang & Hong, 1990
- Dyoschrysa Tjeder, 1966
- Dysochrysa
- Dyspetochrysa Adams, 1967
- Eremochrysa Banks, 1903
- Ethiochrysa Fraser, 1952
- Eurochrysa Esben-Petersen, 1925
- Evanochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990
- Furcochrysa Freitas & Penny, 2001
- Glenochrysa Esben-Petersen, 1920
- Gonzaga Navás, 1913
- Himalochrysa Holzel, 1973
- Hypochrysa Gould, 1861
- Hypochrysa Hagen, 1866
- Italochrysa Principi, 1946
- Joguina Navás, 1912
- Kimochrysa Tjeder, 1966
- Kostka
- Kuwayamachrysa Tsukaguchi & Tago, 2018
- Kymachrysa Tauber & Garland, 2014
- Lauraya Winterton, 1995
- Lembochrysa
- Leptochrysa Adams & Penny, 1992
- Leucochrysa McLachlan, 1868
- Limaia Martins-Neto & Vulcano, 1989
- Lithochrysa
- Lolochrysa Banks, 1950
- Loyola Navás, 1913
- Mallada Navás, 1925
- Meleoma Fitch, 1855
- Mesypochrysa Martynov, 1927
- Metachrysopa Steinmann, 1964
- Nacarina Navás, 1915
- Nacaura
- Nesochrysa
- Neula Navás, 1917
- Nineta Navás, 1912
- Nipponochrysa Tsukaguchi, 1995
- Nobilinus
- Nodochrysa
- Nothancyla Navás, 1910
- Nothochrysa McLachlan, 1868
- Nuvol Navás, 1916
- Odontochrysa Yang & Yang, 1991
- Okanaganochrysa Makarkin & Archibald, 2013
- Oligochrysa Esben-Petersen, 1914
- Oyochrysa Brooks, 1984
- Palaeochrysa
- Paleochrysopa Semeria & Nel, 1990
- Pamochrysa Tjeder, 1966
- Pantaleonius Tauber, 2021
- Parabaisochrysa Lu, Wang, Ohl & Liu, 2018
- Parachrysa Nakahara, 1915
- Parachrysopa Semeria, 1983
- Parachrysopiella Brooks & Barnard, 1990
- Parankylopteryx Tjeder, 1966
- Peyerimhoffina J.L.Lacroix, 1920
- Pimachrysa Adams, 1957
- Plesiochrysa Adams, 1982
- Prochrysopa Tjeder, 1937
- Pronothochrysa Penalver, Nel & Martinez-Delclos, 1995
- Protochrysa Willmann & Brooks, 1991
- Protochrysopa Kolbe, 1888
- Pseudochrysa Okamoto, 1914
- Pseudochrysopa Makarkin & Archibald, 2013
- Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995
- Pseudosencera Makarkin et al., 2018
- Retipenna Brooks, 1986
- Rexa Navàs, 1919
- Ripidosmylus Krueger, 1913
- Santocellus C.Tauber & Albuquerque, 2008
- 饰草蛉属 Semachrysa Brooks, 1983
- 长柄草蛉属 Signochrysa Brooks & Barnard, 1990
- Signochrysa bakeri (Banks, 1924)
- Signochrysa buruensis (Esben-Petersen, 1929)
- Signochrysa caliptera (Banks, 1920)
- Signochrysa catenulata (Gerstaecker, 1894)
- Signochrysa jocaste (Banks, 1940)
- Signochrysa mira (Navás, 1914)
- Signochrysa ornatissima (Nakahara, 1955)
- Signochrysa rizali (Banks, 1924)
- Signochrysa signatipennis (Banks, 1910)
- Sinochrysa Yang, 1992
- Sinonothochrysa Huang & Nel, 2021
- Stephenbrooksia Willmann, 1993
- Stigmachrysa
- Suarius Navas, 1914
- Synthochrysa Needham, 1909
- Tibetochrysa Yang, 1988
- Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas, 2012
- Tribochrysa Scudder, 1883
- Triplochrysa Kimmins, 1952
- Tumeochrysa Needham, 1909
- Turnerochrysa Kimmins, 1935
- Ungla Navás, 1914
- Vieira Navás, 1913
- Xanthochrysa Yang & Yang, 1991
- Yumachrysa Banks, 1950
- Yunchrysopa
草蛉與人類之間的關係
《蝜蝂傳》
维基文库中的相关原始文献:蝜蝂傳 |
中國唐朝時,唐宋八大家之一的柳宗元曾寫過一篇名為《蝜蝂傳》的寓言小品,其內容借蝜蝂(也就是草蛉的幼蟲)言事,諷刺「今世之嗜取者」聚斂資財、貪得無厭、至死不悟的醜惡面目和心態。
本文雖然短小,卻如明鏡般,映照出當時社會的黑暗面。作者善於觀察生活,寫小蟲持物負重的本性如可目睹,更善於思考社會人生問題,寫貪官污吏的貪婪成性入木三分。
用于生物害虫控制
如上所述,草蛉的幼蟲蝜蝂以蚜蟲和螨虫等農業害蟲為食,因此在農業上,草蛉被認為是一種益蟲,具有在生物防治方面應用的潛力,因此,在一些国家,养育了几百万只蝜蝂用于农业和园艺上的生物害虫控制,它们以虫卵的形式销售,卵在田野裡孵化。但不同種類的蝜蝂,在害蟲防治方面的效果有所差異,根据物种和环境的不同,有些草蛉科的生物一生只吃掉大约150只蚜虫,另一些一周就可以吃掉100只蚜虫,因此有待更进一步的研究来更好地使用它们。
一些受到較廣泛研究並較常用於害蟲防治的草蛉物種包括了Chrysoperla屬的幾個物種以及Mallada signatus[6],而這是因為這幾種物種是欧洲玉米螟的天敵之故,而欧洲玉米螟在美國每年導致農業超過十億美元的損失。[7][8]
園藝家可藉由種植特定的伴隨植物(Companion planting)及容忍特定有益雜草的作法來吸引草蛉,並進而確保蝜蝂源源不絕的供應,而幾種能吸引草蛉的植物包括了金鸡菊、大波斯菊、向日葵跟蒲公英等菊科植物,以及蒔蘿和當歸等伞形科的植物等。
脚注
- Khramov, A. V.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, H.-C.; Jarzembowski, E. A. . Papers in Palaeontology. 2016, 2 (1): 25–39 [2018-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-08).
- . [2018-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-07).
- . [2018-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-23).
- Henry et al. (1999)
- Engel & Grimaldi (2007)
- New (2002)
- . entnemdept.ufl.edu. [2017-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-30).
- . www.ent.iastate.edu. [2017-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2017-06-11).
参考资料
- Brooks, S.J. & Barnard. P.C. (1990): The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 59(2): 117–286.
- Engel, Michael S. & Grimaldi, David A. (2007): The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera). American Museum Novitates 3587: 1–58. PDF fulltext (页面存档备份,存于)
- Haaramo, Mikko (2008): Mikko's Phylogeny Archive: Neuroptera (页面存档备份,存于). Version of 2008-MAR-11. Retrieved 2008-APR-27.
- Henry, Charles S.; Brooks, Stephen J.; Johnson, James B. & Duelli, Peter (1999): Revised concept of Chrysoperla mediterranea (Hölzel), a green lacewing associated with conifers: courtship songs across 2800 kilometres of Europe (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Systematic Entomology 24(4): 335–350. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1999.00085.x (HTML abstract)
- Penny, N.D.; Adams, P.A.; Stange, L.A. (1997): Species Catalog of the Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera of America North of Mexico. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 50(3): 39–114.
- Tauber, C.A. (2004): A systematic review of the genus Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) in the United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 97(6): 1129–1158. DOI:10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[1129:ASROTG]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
- Winterton, S.L. (1995): A new genus and species of Apochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from Australia, with a checklist of Australian Chrysopidae. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34(2): 139–145. doi:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1995.tb01306.x (HTML abstract)
- Winterton, S.L. & Brooks, S.J. (2002): Phylogeny of the apochrysine green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Apochrysinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95(1): 16–28. DOI:10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0016:POTAGL]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract