醫療疏失擴散模型
醫療疏失擴散模型(英語:,簡稱HEPM)是英國曼徹斯特大學教授詹姆斯·瑞森(James Reason)所發表的瑞士奶酪模型的改編版本,用來說明:1. 現代醫療系統固有的複雜性,以及2. 這些系統裡面人為錯誤的歸因。HEPM[1]解釋疏失發生的原因和會導致的不良後果的事件序列。這個模型強調組織上和外部的文化在識別、預防、緩解、和防禦措施所能發揮的作用。
簡介
醫療系統之所以複雜,是因為它們在結構(例如護理單位、藥房、急診室、手術室),還有專業(例如護理人員、醫生、藥劑師、行政管理人員、治療師)之上種類繁多,而關聯的要素之間能夠相互適應,並能從經驗中學習,以及改變。“複雜適應系統”(CAS)這個名詞是由在跨學科的聖菲研究所(SFI)的約翰·霍蘭德和默里·蓋爾曼兩位學者所提出。隨後,露絲·安德森(Ruth A. Anderson)、魯賓·麥克丹尼爾(Rubin McDaniels)、和保羅·西里爾斯等學者把CAS的理論和研究擴展,納入社會科學(例如教育和醫療衛生)之中運用,。
模型概述
HEPM把瑞士奶酪模型[2]理論用到具有複雜性質的醫療系統和集成架構之上。瑞士奶酪模型把複雜,而能自我適應的系統與多孔的瑞士奶酪切片相提並論。[2][3]切好的奶酪片被稱為防禦層,用來表達這些切片在系統中的作用和功能,而這些作用和功能具有攔截和防止危險的能力。這些防禦層代表離散的位置或是組織級別,而這些位置或組織級別可能本身具有錯誤,並讓錯誤發展。保護層的功能包含四種:1)組織領導能力,2)風險監督,3)不安全做法的情況,以及4)不安全執行後的結果。
HEPM把醫院描述為具有多個防禦層,配備有維持關鍵防禦工事所需的基本要素[4]。透過檢查防禦層的屬性,潛在的故障點,可顯示疏失發生的原因[5]。專家們討論在CAS中對這些保護層的重要性作檢查[6][7],也把臨床醫生的心理安全列入考慮。這個HEPM把詹姆斯·瑞森的開創性理論更加擴展。
這個模型把CAS當作一種關鍵特性。這種複雜的系統有獨特的自我組織能力,同時透過非線性關係發揮相互作用[8][9],其中專業人員充當信息處理者[10][11]並與環境共同演進[12]。醫療衛生提供者在系統中扮演不同的角色,使用不同的方法來處理信息,以解決組織內和跨組織之間的整體性問題。[13]
定義
CAS是在一個醫療衛生提供機構中,同時有多種臨床和行政代理人做非線性的交互行動,而其中的作業人員和患者是信息處理者,全部會與環境共同演進,達到安全可靠,以患者為中心的結果。[14]
參考文獻
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- Cilliers, P. . New York: Routledgel. 1998. ISBN 978-0-415-15286-0.
- Cilliers, Paul. . Taylor & Francis eBooks. 12 February 1998 [2022-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-03).
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- Savage, Grant T.; Ford, Eric W. . Emerald Group Publishing. : 46 [2022-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-10).
- Palmieri, P. A., DeLucia, P. R., Ott, T. E., Peterson, L. T., & Green, A. . Advances in Health Care Management. Advances in Health Care Management. 2008, 7: 33–68. ISBN 978-1-84663-954-8. doi:10.1016/S1474-8231(08)07003-1.
參考
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- Leape, L. L. & Berwick, D. M. (2005). Five years after "To err is human": What have we learned? Journal of the American Medical Association, 293(19): 2384-2390.
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書籍
Cilliers, P. (1998) Complexity and post modernism: Understanding complex systems. New York: Routledge. (ISBN 978-0415152860)
其他文獻
複雜理論
- Holland, J. H. (1992). Adaptation in natural and artificial systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (ISBN 978-0262581110)
- Holland, J. H. (1995). Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity. Reading, MA: Helix Books. (ISBN 978-0201442304)
- Holland, J. H. (1998). Emergence: From chaos to order. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. (ISBN 978-0738201429)
- Waldrop, M. M. (1990). Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos. New York: Simon & Schuster (ISBN 978-0671767891)