經濟穩定緊急法
经济背景
2008年9月,美国次贷危机进一步升级。接着美国政府进行了几次救助行动,例如9月16日对美国国际集团的850亿美元的救助以及联邦政府接管房利美及房地美的行动。但雷曼兄弟的破产使形势更加严峻起来。
10月6日,道琼斯工业指数下跌700点,四年内首次跌破10000点大关。
保尔森的提议
美国财政部部长亨利·保尔森提出了一项7000亿美元的购买坏账计划[2]。布什迅速宣布支持此计划,国会两院开始进行激烈的争论。
保尔森与美国联邦储备银行主席本·伯南克、美国证券交易委员会主席克里斯多佛·考克斯、国会领袖以及总统布什促进了草案的形成。
这项提议允许联邦政府购买价值7000亿美元的次级抵押贷款的坏账,收到了投资者的支持。
- 9月23日,伯南克与保尔森将法案推荐到此前拒绝接受的参议院银行委员会。
- 9月24日,布什发表了一次关于金融危机与立法草案的演讲。
救助依据
记者
有一大批记者支持此法案。一位记者说,“信心减少让雷曼死亡,若政府不采取措施的话,将会出现一个难以对付的时刻。”
立法过程
政治讨论
9月27日-28日,国会部分议员、两党总统竞选人与财政部、总统行政部门为了改善法案内容进行了磋商,以下是他们进行磋商的关键内容:[19][20]
- 其他坏账的购买以及对房东的帮助
- 公司执行人工资限制
- 政府救助的公平性,以保护纳税人
- 法院、国会更多的监督
- 所有与法案有关的部门的权利、结构
要点
坏账的管理
法案允许美国财政部建立减轻坏账工程以从金融机构购买坏账。稳定金融系统办公室会一起创建以运营此工程。执行计划时,财政部部长必须和美联储董事会、联邦存款保险公司、通货监理官、美国储蓄机构管理局总管以及美国住房及城市发展部部长共同协商。[35][36]
避免止赎权以及对房屋拥有者的补助
对于财政部购买的问题财产,部长必须:
- 让对房屋拥有者的资助最大化
- 最小化第一担保抵押的止赎权
司法审查
财政部的每个行动都必须接受司法审查。
监察
工程中有一定的监察。
稳定金融监察董事会
董事会的责任是对财政部的行动作出审查及评论[43] ,由以下人员组成:
- 美国联邦储备银行主席
- 美国财政部部长
- 美国联邦住宅信贷局局长
- 美国证券交易管理委员会主席
- 美国住房和城市发展部部长
联邦储蓄保险公司的保险
从法律通过日期到2009年12月31日,美国联邦储蓄保险公司将为所有储户提供从原来的10万美元的存款保险到现在的25万美元的存款保险。[48][49]
赤字规定
美国财政部、美国管理和预算办公室和美国国会预算办公室将进行磋商会议。
税收规定
在救助金融机构的同时,美国政府也执行了一些减税政策。
註釋
- 布什签署紧急经济稳定法案 (页面存档备份,存于),美國之音,2008年10月3日
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- McCain, Obama Issue Joint Statement on Crisis (页面存档备份,存于) foxbusiness.com (2008-9-24). Retrieved on 2008-10-8.
- (Press Release) Testimony by Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. before the Senate Banking Committee 的存檔,存档日期2009-01-05., United States Department of the Treasury, September 23, 2008.
- Chairman Ben S. Bernanke Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate (页面存档备份,存于), Federal Reserve System, September 23, 2008.
- Schubert, Elizabeth. "Rochester Protest Against Bailout One of Many Across Country" 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-03., ABC 13Wham, Rochester, New York, September 26, 2008.
- Wiessner, Christian. . Reuters. 2008-09-25 [2008-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2008-09-28).
- Constituents Make Their Bailout Views Known (页面存档备份,存于), The New York Times, September 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
- Brown Backs Bush's Bail-Out Plan Sky News September 25, 2008
- Ahrens, Frank. "Senate Goes After Regulators Past, Present" (页面存档备份,存于), Washington Post, September 23, 2008.
- Clinton, Hillary Rodham. Let's Keep People In Their Homes (页面存档备份,存于), The Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2008.
- "CNBC INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT & VIDEO, Part 1: Warren Buffett Explains His $5B Goldman Investment" (页面存档备份,存于), CNBC, September 24, 2008.
- Jagger, Suzy. "Henry Paulson hailed as a hero for stemming market slide, but all are not convinced" (页面存档备份,存于), The Times, September 20, 2008.
- Soros, George. "Paulson cannot be allowed a blank cheque" (页面存档备份,存于), Financial Times, September 24, 2008.
- Stiglitz, Joseph. "A Better Bailout" (页面存档备份,存于), The Nation, September 26, 2008.
- . Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com. September 28, 2008, 7:43 am [2008-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-01).
- America's bail-out plan: I want your money (页面存档备份,存于), The Economist, September 25, 2008.
- Vekshin, Alison. "Paulson, Lawmakers Narrowing Differences, Frank Says", Bloomberg.com, September 22, 2008.
- Rowley, James and Alison Vekshin "House Republicans Undercut Bush on Rescue, Slow Talks" 的存檔,存档日期2008-09-29., Bloomberg.com, September 26, 2008.
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- . [2009-01-08]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-04).
- "Rep. Mack calls economic bailout plan 'gimmicky', won't support it", Wink News, 9/28/08 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-02.
- . MSNBC.com. September 29, 2008 [2008-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-02).
- Vekshin, Alison; Laura Litvan. . Bloomberg.com (Bloomberg LLC). 2008-09-29 [2008-09-29]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-02).
- Final Vote Results for Roll Call 674 (页面存档备份,存于) (H R 3997 Recorded Vote September 29, 2008, 2:07 PM) Clerk, United Sates House of Representatives (Retrieved September 30, 2008)
- HR3997 (页面存档备份,存于) THOMAS, Library of Congress. (Access to legislative history; note that H.R.3997 is the vehicle for the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.
See documents on the House Committee on Financial Services: Summary of the "Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008": http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/financialsvcs_dem/summary_of_the_eesa2.pdf 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01.
Access via the House Committee on Financial Services: Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 的存檔,存档日期2008-09-30. ) - Julie Hirschfeld Davis. . Associated Press. Yahoo! News. September 29, 2008 [2008-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-03).
- . U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress - 2nd Session (Secretary of the United States Senate). 2008-10-01 [2008-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-05).
- . U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress - 2nd Session (Secretary of the United States Senate). 2008-10-01 [2008-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-28).
- Hulse, Carl and Pear, Robert. . New York Times. 2008-10-01 [2008-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-10).
- Herszenhorn, David M. . New York Times. 2008-10-03 [2008-10-03]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-15).
- Raum, Tom (October 3, 2008) Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-28. Associated Press (Retrieved October 3, 2008)
- U.S. Department of the Treasury (October 6, 2008) "Statement by the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets" 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-09. Treasury Press Release
- Hagenbaugh, Barbara. "Treasury given significant leeway in creating plan to buy toxic debt" (页面存档备份,存于), USA Today, October 3, 2008.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 101.
- Gosselin, Peter G. "Paulson will have no peer under bailout deal" (页面存档备份,存于), Los Angeles Times, September 29, 2008.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 115.
- "Breakdown of the Final Bailout Bill" (页面存档备份,存于), Washington Post, September 28, 2008.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 113.
- Dvorak, Phred and Lublin, Joann S. "Bailout's Bid to Limit Executive Pay Will Be Tough to Realize" (页面存档备份,存于), The Wall Street Journal, October 6, 2008.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 114.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 104.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 125.
- Sweet, Lynn. "Bailout bill 'Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008' searchable summary" 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Chicago Sun-Times, September 28, 2008.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 116.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 121.
- Sahadi, Jeanne. "Bailout 101: What new law says" (页面存档备份,存于), CNNMoney.com, October 4, 2008.
- Amendment to HR 1424 的存檔,存档日期2008-10-01., Division A, Section 136.
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- AP study finds $1.6B went to bailed-out bank execs (页面存档备份,存于), Associated Press, December 21, 2008
- Where'd the bailout money go? Shhhh, it's a secret (页面存档备份,存于), Associated Press, December 22, 2008
外部連結
- H.R.1424 (页面存档备份,存于) 美国国会图书馆
- 保尔森原始议案的内容 (页面存档备份,存于)
- 工作和经济的增长 - 白宫对议案的评价.
- 众议院的初次决议 (页面存档备份,存于) (110 pages)
- 众议院 Res 1517救助计划
- Erin Aigner, Amanda Cox, Farhana Hossain and Archie Tse. . New York Times. 2008-09-30 [2008-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-10-04). 对议案投反对票的议员所在的区域
- Nocera, Joe; Andrew Ross Sorkin, Diana B. Henriques, Edmund L. Andrews. . New York Times. 2008-10-01 [2008-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-25). (Background on development of the Treasury proposal to Congress)