銠的同位素
銠(原子量:102.90550(2))共有58個同位素,其中有1個同位素是穩定的。天然存在的銠元素中,只由一種同位素構成,即唯一穩定的銠同位素——103
Rh
[2]。除了穩定的銠-103之外,最穩定的同位素為101
Rh
,半衰期約為3年又3個多月[3],再來是102
Rh
,半衰期約207天[3],還有99
Rh
,半衰期16天兩小時[3],以及105
Rh
半衰期一天又十一小時[3]和100
Rh
,半衰期20小時48分鐘[3],其餘同位素半衰期皆在一小時以下[3],穩定性最差的是124
Rh
,半衰期只有391奈秒[4]。也有一些較穩定的核同质异能素,例如102m
Rh
,激發能量約為十四萬零一千電子伏特,擁有半衰期約3.7年,以及101m
Rh
,激發能量約為十五萬零七千電子伏特,擁有半衰期約4.34天[5]。
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
銠-100
銠-100是銠的一種放射性同位素,是目前已知銠的同位素中擁有最多種核異構體(或核同質異能素)的同位素,也是銠的放射性同位素中,第五穩定的同位素[3],質量欠缺是負值,約為-85.5868 MeV[6],半衰期為20.8小時,會經由發射一顆正電子(β+ )衰變為100
Ru
。
銠-100有除了激發能量為0的100
Rh
之外還有三種不同的核同質異能素:100m1
Rh
、100m2
Rh
、100m3
Rh
,但是最穩定的仍是基態的100
Rh
。100m1
Rh
激發能量為107.6 keV,質量欠缺略高於100
Rh
,為-85.4792 MeV[6],但半衰期不到100
Rh
的0.5%,只有4.6分鐘[3],有98.3%的100m1
Rh
會回到基態100
Rh
,另外的1.7%會和基態100
Rh
一樣經過β+衰變為100
Ru
[3]。
另外兩個核同質異能素則十分不穩定,100m2
Rh
(激發能量:74.78 keV)半衰期只有214奈秒,而100m3
Rh
(激發能量:112 keV)半衰期則更短,僅有130奈秒[3]。
銠-103
銠-103是銠的同位素中唯一穩定且唯一天然存在的同位素,在地殼中的豐度約只有2 × 10−10[7],可由釕或钯衰變而得,也可以經由重元素裂變而產生,因此銠-103是一種裂變產物。103
Rh
有一種核同質異能素,103m
Rh
,激發能量為39.756 keV,但其比103
Rh
不穩定很多,半衰期只有56分鐘,會經由IT衰變回穩定的103
Rh
[3]。
103
Rh
是235
U
的裂變產物之一,因此,裂變產物中都會含有一些微量的鉑系金屬包括銠,因此可能可以從二手核燃料中提煉出銠-103或其他的同位素。然而,提取過程十分複雜且昂貴,已經沒有用此種方法大規模的提煉103
Rh
或其他的同位素的嘗試[8][9][10]。
圖表
符號 | Z( p ) |
N( n ) |
同位素質量(u)[11] | 半衰期 | 衰變 方式[3][n 1] |
衰變 產物[n 2] |
原子核 自旋 |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率) |
相對豐度 的變化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量 | |||||||||
89Rh | 45 | 44 | 88.94884(48)# | 10# ms [>1.5 µs] |
β+ | 89Ru | 7/2+# | ||
90Rh | 45 | 45 | 89.94287(54)# | 15(7) ms [12(+9-4) ms] |
β+ | 90Ru | 0+# | ||
90mRh | 0(500)# keV | 1.1(3) s [1.0(+3-2) s] |
9+# | ||||||
91Rh | 45 | 46 | 90.93655(43)# | 1.74(14) s | β+ | 91Ru | 7/2+# | ||
91mRh | 1.46(11) s | (1/2-) | |||||||
92Rh | 45 | 47 | 91.93198(43)# | 4.3(13) s | β+ | 92Ru | (6+) | ||
92mRh | 4.66(25) s [2.9(+15-8) s] |
(>=6+) | |||||||
93Rh | 45 | 48 | 92.92574(43)# | 11.9(7) s | β+ | 93Ru | 9/2+# | ||
94Rh | 45 | 49 | 93.92170(48)# | 70.6(6) s | β+ (98.2%) | 94Ru | (2+,4+) | ||
β+, p (1.79%) | 93Tc | ||||||||
94mRh | 300(200)# keV | 25.8(2) s | β+ | 94Ru | (8+) | ||||
95Rh | 45 | 50 | 94.91590(16) | 5.02(10) min | β+ | 95Ru | (9/2)+ | ||
95mRh | 543.3(3) keV | 1.96(4) min | IT (88%) | 95Rh | (1/2)- | ||||
β+ (12%) | 95Ru | ||||||||
96Rh | 45 | 51 | 95.914461(14) | 9.90(10) min | β+ | 96Ru | (6+) | ||
96mRh | 52.0(1) keV | 1.51(2) min | IT (60%) | 96Rh | (3+) | ||||
β+ (40%) | 96Ru | ||||||||
97Rh | 45 | 52 | 96.91134(4) | 30.7(6) min | β+ | 97Ru | 9/2+ | ||
97mRh | 258.85(17) keV | 46.2(16) min | β+ (94.4%) | 97Ru | 1/2- | ||||
IT (5.6%) | 97Rh | ||||||||
98Rh | 45 | 53 | 97.910708(13) | 8.72(12) min | β+ | 98Ru | (2)+ | ||
98mRh | 60(50)# keV | 3.6(2) min | IT | 98Rh | (5+) | ||||
β+ | 98Ru | ||||||||
99Rh | 45 | 54 | 98.908132(8) | 16.1(2) d | β+ | 99Ru | 1/2- | ||
99mRh | 64.3(4) keV | 4.7(1) h | β+ (99.83%) | 99Ru | 9/2+ | ||||
IT (.16%) | 99Rh | ||||||||
100Rh | 45 | 55 | 99.908122(20) | 20.8(1) h | β+ | 100Ru | 1- | ||
100m1Rh | 107.6(2) keV | 4.6(2) min | IT (98.3%) | 100Rh | (5+) | ||||
β+ (1.7%) | 100Ru | ||||||||
100m2Rh | 74.78(2) keV | 214.0(20) ns | (2)+ | ||||||
100m3Rh | 112.0+X keV | 130(10) ns | (7+) | ||||||
101Rh | 45 | 56 | 100.906164(18) | 3.3(3) y | ε | 101Ru | 1/2- | ||
101mRh | 157.32(4) keV | 4.34(1) d | ε (93.6%) | 101Ru | 9/2+ | ||||
IT (6.4%) | Rh | ||||||||
102Rh | 45 | 57 | 101.906843(5) | 207.0(15) d | β+ (80%) | 102Ru | (1-,2-) | ||
β− (20%) | 102Pd | ||||||||
102mRh | 140.75(8) keV | 3.742(10) y | β+ (99.77%) | 102Ru | 6+ | ||||
IT (.23%) | 102Rh | ||||||||
103 Rh [n 3] |
45 | 58 | 102.905504(3) | 稳定 | 1/2- | 1.0000 | |||
103mRh | 39.756(6) keV | 56.114(9) min | IT | 103Rh | 7/2+ | ||||
104Rh | 45 | 59 | 103.906656(3) | 42.3(4) s | β− (99.55%) | 104Pd | 1+ | ||
β+ (.449%) | 104Ru | ||||||||
104mRh | 128.967(4) keV | 4.34(3) min | 5+ | ||||||
105Rh[n 3] | 45 | 60 | 104.905694(4) | 35.36(6) h | β− | 105Pd | 7/2+ | ||
105mRh | 129.781(4) keV | 42.9(3) s | IT | 105Rh | 1/2- | ||||
β− | 105Pd | ||||||||
106Rh | 45 | 61 | 105.907287(8) | 29.80(8) s | β− | 106Pd | 1+ | ||
106mRh | 136(12) keV | 131(2) min | β− | 106Pd | (6)+ | ||||
107Rh | 45 | 62 | 106.906748(13) | 21.7(4) min | β− | 107Pd | 7/2+ | ||
107mRh | 268.36(4) keV | >10 µs | 1/2- | ||||||
108Rh | 45 | 63 | 107.90873(11) | 16.8(5) s | β− | 108Pd | 1+ | ||
108mRh | -60(110) keV | 6.0(3) min | β− | 108Pd | (5)(+#) | ||||
109Rh | 45 | 64 | 108.908737(13) | 80(2) s | β− | 109Pd | 7/2+ | ||
110Rh | 45 | 65 | 109.91114(5) | 28.5(15) s | β− | 110Pd | (>3)(+#) | ||
110mRh | -60(50) keV | 3.2(2) s | β− | 110Pd | 1+ | ||||
111Rh | 45 | 66 | 110.91159(3) | 11(1) s | β− | 111Pd | (7/2+) | ||
112Rh | 45 | 67 | 111.91439(6) | 3.45(37) s | β− | 112Pd | 1+ | ||
112mRh | 330(70) keV | 6.73(15) s | β− | 112Pd | (4,5,6) | ||||
113Rh | 45 | 68 | 112.91553(5) | 2.80(12) s | β− | 113Pd | (7/2+) | ||
114Rh | 45 | 69 | 113.91881(12) | 1.85(5) s | β− (>99.9%) | 114Pd | 1+ | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 113Pd | ||||||||
114mRh | 200(150)# keV | 1.85(5) s | β− | 114Pd | (4,5) | ||||
115Rh | 45 | 70 | 114.92033(9) | 0.99(5) s | β− | 115Pd | (7/2+)# | ||
116Rh | 45 | 71 | 115.92406(15) | 0.68(6) s | β− (>99.9%) | 116Pd | 1+ | ||
β−, n (<.1%) | 115Pd | ||||||||
116mRh | 200(150)# keV | 570(50) ms | β− | 116Pd | (6-) | ||||
117Rh | 45 | 72 | 116.92598(54)# | 0.44(4) s | β− | 117Pd | (7/2+)# | ||
118Rh | 45 | 73 | 117.93007(54)# | 310(30) ms | β− | 118Pd | (4-10)(+#) | ||
119Rh | 45 | 74 | 118.93211(64)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] |
β− | 119Pd | 7/2+# | ||
120Rh | 45 | 75 | 119.93641(64)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] |
β− | 120Pd | |||
121Rh | 45 | 76 | 120.93872(97)# | 100# ms [>300 ns] |
β− | 121Pd | 7/2+# | ||
122Rh | 45 | 77 | 121.94321(75)# | 50# ms [>300 ns] |
|||||
123 Rh |
45 | 78 | 122.94605(6)# | > 403 ns[12] | β−[12] | 123Pd | 7/2+# | ||
β−, n[12] | 122Pd | ||||||||
124 Rh [4] |
45 | 79 | (123.949382)# | (> 391) ns[4] | β−, 2n[4] | 122 Pd |
|||
β−, n[4] | 123 Pd | ||||||||
β−[4] | 124 Pd | ||||||||
125 Rh [13] |
45 | 80 | (124.9527)# | > (393)# ns[13] | β−[13] | 125Pd | 7/2+# | ||
β−, n[13] | 124Pd | ||||||||
126 Rh |
45 | 81 | (125.96)# | β−[14] | 126Pd | ||||
β−, n[14] | 125Pd |
備註:畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明,只是理論推測而已,而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。
← | 同位素列表 | → |
釕的同位素 | 銠的同位素 | 鈀的同位素 |
参考文獻
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) (页面存档备份,存于). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) (页面存档备份,存于).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties (页面存档备份,存于), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database (页面存档备份,存于) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.
- Meija, Juris; et al. . Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- John W. Arblaster "The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes. The thirty-eight known rhodium isotopes found between 1934 and 2010" Platinum Metals Review Volume 55 Issue 2 April 2011 Pages 124-134.doi:10.1595/147106711X555656
- . nucleonica. [2015-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19).
- rhodium-124 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
- Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. . Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- rhodium-100 (页面存档备份,存于) nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-16]
- Barbalace, Kenneth, "Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com; retrieved 2007-04-14.
- Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2005, 49 (2): 79 [2015-09-16]. doi:10.1595/147106705X35263. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2003, 47 (2): 74–87 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 2003, 47 (2): 123–131 [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24).
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation 的存檔,存档日期2008-09-23. by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- rhodium-123 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
- rhodium-125 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]
- rhodium-126 :Table of Nuclides (页面存档备份,存于) Brookhaven National Laboratory Interactive, nndc.bnl.gov [2015-9-14]