陸龜屬

陆龟属（Testudo）是陆龟科的一个属，其下生物分布于北非、西亚和欧洲等地中海附近地区。除去缘翘陆龟外，所有现存种都因栖息地丧失而处于易危甚至濒危状态。陆龟属的龟体型都不大。

陆龟属
从左顺时针：
Testudo graeca ibera
Testudo hermanni boettgeri
Testudo hermanni hermanni
Testudo marginata sarda.
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： Reptilia
目： 龜鱉目 Testudines
亚目： 曲颈龟亚目 Cryptodira
科： 陸龜科 Testudinidae
属： 陆龟属 Testudo
Linnaeus, 1758
模式種
Testudo graeca
Linnaeus, 1758
異名
  • 四爪陆龟属 Agrionemys Khosatzky & Mlynarski, 1966
  • Furculachelys Highfield, 1990[1]
  • Chersus Gmira, 1993
  • Medaestia Wussow, 1916
  • Peltonia Gray, 1872
  • Testudinella Gray, 1870
  • Testuod
  • Tistudo

分类

陆龟属的分类一直存在巨大争议，其下的种也改变过很多次，大量命名甚至已经无效，因此通过学名进行文献检索时非常困难。[2]

基因序列研究对陆龟科分类学的帮助很有限。mtDNA研究显示，陆龟属的生物进化非常缓慢[3]。古生物地理学家发现一千多万年来，其线粒体12S rRNA基因的进化速度是每一百万年1.0-1.6% [4]，而ntDNA进化速度在很多种（甚至是赫曼陆龟的亚种）之间差异极大[5]。

本属包括以下物种：

  • Testudo amberiacensis Deperet, 1894
  • Testudo amiatae Pantanelli, 1893
  • Testudo angusticeps (Matthew, 1924)
  • Testudo antiqua Bronn, 1831
  • Testudo atlas Falconer & Cautley, 1844
  • Testudo boettgeri Mojsisovics, 1889
  • Testudo bosporica Riabinin, 1946
  • Testudo brevitesta Vlachos & Tsoukala, 2015，已灭绝[6]
  • Testudo brontops (Marsh, 1890)
  • Testudo cautleyi Lydekker, 1889
  • Testudo cernovi Khosatzky, 1948
  • Testudo changshanensis Wei et al., 1975
  • Testudo chienfutungensis Yeh, 1963
  • Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766
  • Testudo crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889)
  • Testudo craverii Portis, 1879
  • Testudo denizoti Bergounioux, 1935
  • Testudo despotti Szalai, 1937
  • Testudo ducateli (Collins & Lynn, 1936)
  • Testudo eocaenica Hummel, 1935
  • Testudo escheri Pictet & Humbert, 1856
  • Testudo eurysternum Gervais, 1848
  • Testudo gilbertii (Hay, 1899)
  • Testudo globosa Portis, 1890
  • 希臘陸龜 Testudo gracea [1]
  • Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758
  • Testudo hellenica Garcia et al., 2020
  • Testudo hercegovinensis Werner, 1899
  • 赫曼陸龜 Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789[1]
  • Testudo hexagonata Cope, 1893
  • Testudo hipparionum Wiman, 1930
  • Testudo honanensis Wiman, 1930
  • 四爪陸龜 Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844[1]
  • Testudo houzei Dollo, 1909
  • Testudo hypercostata Wiman, 1930
  • Testudo kaiseni Gilmore, 1931
  • Testudo (Chersine) kalksburgensis Toula, 1896
  • Testudo kenitrensis Gmira, 1993
  • 埃及陸龜 Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883[1]
  • Testudo lamanonii Gray, 1831
  • Testudo larteti Pictet, 1853
  • Testudo lohanica Perez-Garcia et al., 2022
  • Testudo lunanensis (Yeh, 1963)
  • Testudo margae Hooijer, 1948
  • Testudo marginata Schoepff, 1792[1]
  • Testudo marmorum Gaudry, 1862
  • Testudo nanus (Gilmore, 1931)
  • Testudo neraudii Gray, 1831
  • Testudo orthopygia (Cope, 1878)
  • Testudo osborniana (Hay, 1904)
  • Testudo oughlamensis Gmira et al., 2013
  • Testudo pecorinii Abbazzi et al., 2008
  • Testudo phosphoritarum (Rage, 1988)
  • Testudo promarginata Reinach, 1900
  • Testudo pusilla Linnaeus, 1758
  • Testudo shansiensis Wiman, 1930
  • Testudo sharanensis (Yeh, 1965)
  • Testudo shensiensis Wiman, 1930
  • Testudo shilouensis Hsu et al., 1973
  • Testudo sloanei Lydekker, 1889
  • Testudo sphaerica Wiman, 1930
  • Testudo steinheimensis Staesche, 1931
  • Testudo tarakliensis Riabinin, 1918
  • Testudo terrestris Fermin, 1765
  • Testudo tunhuanensis Yeh, 1963
  • Testudo turgida (Cope, 1892)
  • Testudo ulanensis Gilmore, 1931
  • 威尔逊陆龟 Testudo wilsoni (Milstead, 1956)
  • 云南陆龟 Testudo yunnanensis (Yeh, 1963)

参考文献
  1. Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Inverson, John B.; Roger, Bour; Fritz, Uwe; Georges, Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul. (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. August 3, 2017, 7 [October 4, 2019]. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-02-25）.
  2. Highfield, A.C. & Martin, J. (1989): A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia, and Europe. Genus: Testudo. Journal of Chelonian Herpetology 1(1): 1–12.
  3. . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1992. PMID 1584014. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040735.
  4. Van Der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Ph. Ballasina, Donato L.; Dekker, John T.; Maas, Jolanda; Willemsen, Ronald E.; Goudsmit, Jaap. . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 174–183. PMID 11820839. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052.
  5. Fritz, Uwe; Auer, Markus; Bertolero, Albert; Cheylan, Marc; Fattizzo, Tiziano; Hundsdorfer, Anna K.; Martin Sampayo, Marcos; Pretus, Joan L.; Široky, Pavel; Wink, Michael. . Zoologica Scripta. 2006, 35 (5): 531–543. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x.
  6. Vlachos, Evangelos; Tsoukala, Evangelia. . Papers in Palaeontology. 2016, 2: 71–86. doi:10.1002/spp2.1031.
  • James F. Parham; J. Robert Macey; Theodore J. Papenfuss; Chris R. Feldman; Oguz Türkozan; Rosa Polymeni; JeVrey Boore. (PDF). 2005 [2020-05-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-10-23）.
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