鞘蕊属
鞘蕊属（學名：），或作鞘蕊花属，是一個一年生或多年生的草本或灌木植物的属。部分物種屬於多肉植物，長有具肉質或塊狀的塊莖或塊根。 分佈於舊世界（東半球）的熱帶與亞熱帶。 有關鞘蕊屬、彩葉草屬及马刺花属三者的關係很混亂：前兩屬的物種曾經被併歸马刺花属，但結果使馬刺花屬在支序親緣分析之下變成了馬刺花亞族（Plectranthinae）的一個多系群。
鞘蕊花属 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 左手香（Coleus amboinicus；syn. Plectranthus amboinicus） | |
科学分类  | |
| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
| 演化支： | 菊类植物 Asterids |
| 目： | 唇形目 Lamiales |
| 科： | 唇形科 Lamiaceae |
| 亚科： | 荆芥亚科 Nepetoideae |
| 族： | 罗勒族 Ocimeae |
| 属： | 鞘蕊花属 Coleus Lour.[1] |
| 異名[1] | |
| |
現時最新的分類學處理重新建立鞘蕊屬，212個物種分別來自馬刺花屬、密穗花屬及排香草屬；Equilabium在系統發育研究支持下從馬刺花屬獨立出去成為一個屬[2]。
鞘蕊屬物種常被用作園藝植物而種植，當中尤以彩葉草最為常見。一方面，彩葉草的斑斕葉片使之成為一種受歡迎的園藝植物，而近年興起的生酮飲食，亦因為彩葉草的根部豐富的營養素而使之大受歡迎。彩葉草喜光，但不適宜太陽直射，而是非直射的光線：因為直射的太陽光會破壞葉片上的色素，使葉片顏色變得單一；所以在戶外時，彩葉草應完全遮光，只能照射日出時最柔和的日光[3]。
其他長有塊根的鞘蕊屬植物有被當作食糧而種植，計有Coleus esculentus、Coleus rotundifolius及Coleus maculosus subsp. edulis。
分類學
鞘蕊屬最早由若昂·德理路於1790年描述。以形態學特徵為指導基礎，將它由馬刺花屬（首先由夏爾·萊里捷在1788年描述）獨立出來；其四條雄蕊融合在一起，而不是從基底起就已分開。1962年，約翰·肯尼斯·莫頓留意到雄蕊融合在一起的物種比過往所認知的其實更常見及廣泛分佈，所以把鞘蕊屬物種合併進馬刺花屬，而彩葉草屬（Solenostemon）及一些其他的屬仍維持區隔。[4]大多數的來源都跟隨莫頓進行鞘蕊屬的合併；有些保持彩葉草屬的獨立，但其他則將它跟著鞘蕊屬一起併入馬刺花屬。[2]
在2004年針對唇形科荊芥亞科羅勒族（Ocimeae）進行的初步研究表明，馬刺花亞族（Plectranthinae）為單系群，有兩個主要演化支：一個包含鞘蕊屬的模式種，並包含彩葉草屬；另一個包含馬刺花屬的模式種以及其他屬，因此廣義上馬刺花屬不是單系群。在2018年進行的更詳細研究得出類似的結論，並建議應重新確認鞘蕊屬（包含彩葉草屬），對馬刺花屬進行更狹義的定義，並建立一個新的屬Equilabium，主要來自熱帶非洲的前馬刺花屬物種演化支。2019年提供了實現此方法所需的許多新的雙名組合。[2]
支序親緣
裴頓等人(2019)[2]基於其2018年的研究總結[5]，出版了馬刺花亞族（Plectranthinae）各屬的支序親緣圖。下圖中被裴頓等人接納並構成廣義的馬刺花屬的三個屬以黃色底顯示：
| 羅勒族 Ocimeae |
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物種
Paton et al. (2019)列出本屬物種有294種，當中大多數均由馬刺花屬轉移過來[2]。截至2020年7月，《世界植物在線》列出本屬25個物種[1]。部分物詳列如下[2]：
- Calchas parvifolius (Benth.) P.V.Heath, 1999
- Calchas platystomoides (Robyns & Lebrun) P.V.Heath, 1999
- Coleus abyssinicus (Fresen.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus acariformis (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus achankoviliensis Smitha & A.J.Paton
- Coleus actites (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus adenanthus (Dalzell & A.Gibson) A.J.Paton
- Coleus adenophorus (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus aegyptiacus (Forssk.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus affinis (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus albicalyx (Suddee) Suddee
- Coleus aliciae (Codd) A.J.Paton
- Coleus alloplectus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus alpinus Vatke
- Coleus altanmouiensis (T.C.Wilson, P.I.Forst. & M.A.M.Renner) T.C.Wilson & P.I.Forst.
- 到手香 Coleus amboinicus Lour.，异名：Plectranthus amboinicus）又名：左手香、過手香
- Coleus amicorum (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus amiculatus (T.C.Wilson, P.I.Forst. & M.A.M.Renner) T.C.Wilson & P.I.Forst.
- Coleus amoenus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus anamallayensis Bedd.
- Coleus anamudianus (Smitha & Sunojk.) Smitha
- Coleus angolensis (G.Taylor) A.J.Paton
- Coleus angulatus (Hedge) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus apoensis Elmer
- Coleus apreptus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus apricus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus arabicus Benth.
- Coleus arenicola (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- 銀葉到手香 Coleus argentatus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson；又名：銀葉馬刺花、銀葉香茶菜，异名：Plectranthus argentatus
- Coleus argenteus (Gamble) A.J.Paton
- Coleus argentifolius (Ryding) A.J.Paton
- Coleus aromatium Benth.
- Coleus articulatus (I.M.Johnst.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus ater A.J.Paton
- Coleus auriglandulosus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus australis (R.Br.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus autranii Briq.
- Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth. ex G.Don，异名：Plectranthus barbatus
- Coleus bariensis (Ryding) A.J.Paton
- Coleus batesii (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus batianoffii (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus bellus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus betonicifolius (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus bifidus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus bipartitus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus bishopianus (Gamble) Smitha & A.J.Paton
- Coleus blakei (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus bojeri Benth.
- Coleus bolavenensis Suddee, Tagane & Rueangr.[6]
- Coleus botryosus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus bourneae (Gamble) Smitha & A.J.Paton
- 光萼鞘蕊花 Coleus bracteatus Dunn
- Coleus brazzavillensis A.Chev.
- Coleus buchananii (Baker) Brenan
- Coleus burorum Chiov.
- Coleus caillei A.Chev.
- Coleus caillei A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel
- Coleus calaminthoides (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus calcicola Murata
- Coleus caldericola (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus calycinus (Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus cambodianus (Murata) A.J.Paton
- Coleus caninus (Roth) Vatke，异名：Plectranthus caninus
- Coleus caninus Paton, Mwanyambo, Govaerts, Smitha, Suddee, Phillipson, Wilson, Forster & Culham, 2019
- 肉叶鞘蕊花 Coleus carnosifolius (Hemsl.) Dunn
- Coleus casamancicus A.Chev.
- Coleus cataractarum (B.J.Pollard) A.J.Paton
- Coleus caudatus (S.Moore) E.Downes & I.Darbysh.
- Coleus caudatus S.Moore
- Coleus celsus A.J.Paton
- Coleus centraliafricanus A.J.Paton
- Coleus chevalieri Briq.
- Coleus ciliatus (Bramley) A.J.Paton
- Coleus circinnatus (Hedge) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus clandulosus Hook.f.
- Coleus coeruleus Gürke
- Coleus comosus Hochst. ex A.Rich., 1850，异名：Plectranthus ornatus (sold as "Coleus canina" or "scaredy cat plant")
- Coleus comosus Hochst. ex Gürke
- Coleus confertiflorus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus congensis (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus congestus (R.Br.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus conglomeratus (T.C.E.Fr.) Robyns & Lebrun
- Coleus crassus (N.E.Br.) Culham
- Coleus cremnus (B.J.Conn) A.J.Paton
- Coleus cucullatus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus cuneatus Baker f.
- Coleus cyanophyllus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus cylindraceus (Hochst. ex Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus daviesii E.A.Bruce
- Coleus decimus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus decurrens Gürke
- Coleus deflexifolius (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus defoliatus (Hochst. ex Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus densus (N.E.Br.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus descampsii (Briq.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus dewildemanianus (Robyns & Lebrun) A.J.Paton
- Coleus dichotomus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus dinteri (Briq.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus divaricatus A.J.Paton
- Coleus diversus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus dolichopodus (Briq.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus dumicola (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus dysophylloides (Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus elliotii (S.Moore) A.J.Paton
- Coleus eminii (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus engleri (Briq.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus erici-rosenii (R.E.Fr.) A.J.Paton
- 食用鞘蕊花 Coleus esculentus ，异名：Plectranthus esculentus）
- Coleus eungellaensis A.J.Paton
- Coleus excelsus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus exilis (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus fasciculatus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus ferricola Phillipson, O.Hooper & A.J.Paton
- Coleus foetidus (Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus foliatus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- 蘭嶼小鞘蕊花 Coleus formosanus
- Coleus forsteri (Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus fragrantissimus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus fredericii ，异名：Plectranthus welwitschii
- Coleus gamblei (Smitha & Sunojk.) Smitha
- Coleus geminatus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus gibbosus A.J.Paton
- Coleus gigantifolius (Suddee) Suddee
- Coleus gillettii (J.K.Morton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus glabriflorus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus globosus (Ryding) A.J.Paton
- Coleus goetzenii (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus gossweileri A.J.Paton
- Coleus gracilipedicellatum (Robyns & Lebrun) A.J.Paton
- Coleus graminifolius (Perkins) A.J.Paton
- Coleus grandidentatus (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus graniticola (A.Chev.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus gratus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus graveolens (R.Br.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus guerkei (Briq.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus habrophyllus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus hadiensis (Forssk.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus hairulii Kiew, 2021
- Coleus hallii (J.K.Morton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus harmandii (Doan ex Suddee & A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus helferi (Hook.f.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus hereroensis (Engl.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus hijazensis (Abdel Khalik) A.J.Paton
- Coleus huberi Regel
- Coleus humulopsis (B.J.Pollard) A.J.Paton
- Coleus hymalis (J.R.I.Wood) A.J.Paton
- Coleus idukkianus (J.Mathew, Yohannan & B.J.Conn) Smitha
- Coleus igniarioides (Ryding) A.J.Paton
- Coleus ignotus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus inselbergii (B.J.Pollard & A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus insignis (Hook.f.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus insularis (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus intraterraneus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus kanyakumariensis (Shinoj & Sunojk.) Smitha
- Coleus kirkii (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus kisanfuensis DeWild.
- Coleus klossii (S.Moore) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus kottalensis A.Chev.
- Coleus koulikoroensis A.J.Paton
- Coleus kunstleri (Prain) A.J.Paton
- Coleus laetus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus lageniocalyx Briq.
- Coleus lanceolatus (Bojer ex Benth.) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus lancifolius (Bramley) A.J.Paton
- Coleus lanuginosus Hochst. ex Engl., 1892
- Coleus lateriticola (A.Chev.) Phillipson, O.Hooper & A.J.Paton
- Coleus lateriticola A.Chev.
- Coleus latifolius Hochst. ex Engl., 1892
- Coleus laxus (T.C.Wilson & P.I.Forst.) T.C.Wilson & P.I.Forst.
- Coleus leiperi (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus linearifolius (J.K.Morton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus livingstonei A.J.Paton
- Coleus longipetiolatus Gürke
- Coleus longipetiolatus Gürke ex Engl., 1894
- Coleus luengerensis Gürke
- Coleus lyratus (A.Chev.) Roberty
- Coleus macrostachys Benth.
- Coleus maculosus (Lam.) A.J.Paton
- 馬達加斯加鞘蕊花 Coleus madagascariensis ，异名：Plectranthus madagascariensis）又名：馬達加斯加延命草、馬達加斯加香茶菜
- Coleus magnificus P.I.Forst. & A.J.Paton
- Coleus marrubatus (J.K.Morton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus megacalyx (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus megadontus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus melleri (Baker) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus meyeri (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus minor (J.K.Morton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus minutiflorus (Ryding) A.J.Paton
- Coleus minutus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus mirus (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus mitis (R.A.Clement) A.J.Paton
- Coleus monostachyus (P.Beauv.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus montanus Hochst. ex Ces.
- Coleus mutabilis (Codd) A.J.Paton
- Coleus myrianthellus Briq.
- Coleus namuliensis E.Downes & I.Darbysh.
- Coleus neochilus (Schltr.) Codd
- Coleus nepetifolius (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus nervosus Briq.
- Coleus niamniamensis (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus nigericus (Alston) A.J.Paton
- Coleus nitidus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus niveus (Hiern) A.J.Paton
- Coleus omahekense Dinter
- Coleus omissus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus orbicularis Baker
- Coleus orthodontus (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus otostegioides (Schweinf. ex Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus pallidus (Wall. ex Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus parensis Gürke
- Coleus parishii (Hook.f.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus parvicalyx (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus parvifolius Benth.
- Coleus penicillatus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus penzigii Schweinf. ex Penz.
- Coleus perrieri (Hedge) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus petiolatissimus Briq.
- Coleus petraeus (Backer ex Adelb.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus petricola (J.Mathew & B.J.Conn) A.J.Paton
- Coleus petrophilus Gürke
- Coleus phulangkaensis (Suddee, Suphuntee & Saengrit) Suddee
- Coleus plantagineus (Hook.f.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus platyphyllus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus polystachyus (Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus porcatus (van Jaarsv. & P.J.D.Winter) A.J.Paton
- Coleus porphyranthus (T.J.Edwards & N.R.Crouch) A.J.Paton
- Coleus prittwitzii (Perkins) A.J.Paton
- Coleus prostratus (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus psammophilus (Codd) A.J.Paton
- Coleus pseudospeciosus (Buscal. & Muschl.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus pulchellus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus pumilius Blanco, 1837
- Coleus rafidahiae Kiew, 2021
- Coleus recurvata (Ryding) A.J.Paton
- Coleus rhodesianum (N.E.Br.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus robustus (Hook.f.) A.J.Paton
- 圓葉鞘蕊花 Coleus rotundifolius (Poir.) M.R.Almeida, 2003，异名：Plectranthus rotundifolius
- Coleus ruandensis (De Wild.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus rutenbergianus (Vatke) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus sahyadricus (Smitha & Sunojk.) Smitha
- Coleus sallyae (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus sanguineus (Britten) A.J.Paton
- Coleus saxicola Gürke
- Coleus saxorum (J.Mathew, Yohannan & B.J.Conn) Smitha
- Coleus scaber (Benth.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus schizophyllus (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus schliebenii (Mildbr.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus scruposus A.J.Paton
- 彩葉草 Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth.，异名Coleus blumei, Plectranthus scutellarioides
- Coleus scutellarioides Elmer
- Coleus sessilifolius (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus shoolamudianus (Sunil & Naveen Kum.) Smitha & A.J.Paton
- Coleus sigmoideus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus socotranus (Radcl.-Sm.) A.J.Paton，异名：Plectranthus socotranus
- Coleus sphaerocephalus (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus splendens (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus splendidus A.Chev.
- Coleus steenisii (H.Keng) A.J.Paton
- Coleus stenostachys (Baker) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus strictipes (G.Taylor) A.J.Paton
- Coleus strobilifer (Roxb.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus stuhlmannii (Gürke) A.J.Paton
- Coleus suaveolens (S.T.Blake) P.I.Forst. & T.C.Wilson
- Coleus subscandens Gürke
- Coleus suffruticosus (Wight) A.J.Paton
- Coleus sylvestris (Gürke) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus tetradenifolius (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus thalassoscopicus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus togoensis (Perkins) A.J.Paton
- Coleus tomentifolius (Suddee) Suddee
- Coleus torrenticola (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus triangularis (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus trullatus (A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus ulugurensis Gürke
- Coleus unguentarius (Codd) A.J.Paton，异名：Plectranthus unguentarius
- Coleus velutinus (Trimen) A.J.Paton
- Coleus venteri (van Jaarsv. & Hankey) A.J.Paton
- Coleus ventosus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus venustus (P.I.Forst.) P.I.Forst.
- Coleus verticillatus (Baker) A.J.Paton
- Coleus veyretiae (Guillaumet & A.Cornet) A.J.Paton & Phillipson
- Coleus villosus (Forssk.) A.J.Paton
- Coleus wallamanensis (T.C.Wilson & P.I.Forst.) T.C.Wilson & P.I.Forst.
- Coleus wugensis Gürke
- Coleus xerophilus (Codd) A.J.Paton
- Coleus xylopodus (Lukhoba & A.J.Paton) A.J.Paton
- Coleus yemenensis A.J.Paton
- Coleus zombensis (Baker) Mwany.
- 杂交种：
- Coleus ×tryonii
- 归入本属的物种：
- Rabdosiella leemannii N.Hahn
- Saccostoma urticifolium Wall. ex Voigt
- Solenostemon pubescens A.Chev.
圖庫
Coleus australis
Coleus neochilus
参考文献
- . Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [2020-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-27）.
- Paton, Alan J.; Mwanyambo, Montfort; Govaerts, Rafaël H.A.; Smitha, Kokkaraniyil; Suddee, Somran; Phillipson, Peter B.; Wilson, Trevor C.; Forster, Paul I. & Culham, Alastair. . PhytoKeys. 2019, 129: 1–158. PMC 6717120
. PMID 31523157. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.129.34988. - . Gardening Know How. 2019-07-15 [2019-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-15）.
- Morton, J.K. . Hedberg, I.; Kelbessa, E.; Edwards, S.; Demissew, S. & Persson, E. (编). 5. Addis Ababa: The National Herbarium, Addis Ababa University: 586–598. 2006. ISBN 978-91-971285-6-8., cited in Paton et al. 2019
- Paton, A.; Mwanyambo, M. & Culham, A. (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2018, 188 (4): 355–376 [2020-12-22]. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boy064. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-30）.
- Somran Suddee, Shuichiro Tagane, Phetlasy Souladeth, Deuantar Kongxaisavath, Sukid Rueangruea, Yoshihisa Suyama and Eizi Suzuki. 2020. Coleus bolavenensis (Lamiaceae), A New Species from Laos. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(1), 82-85. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.1.14
外部連結
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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：鞘蕊属 |
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英文维基文库中的《1911年版大英百科全書》條目：Coleus |
- EcoPort on P. rotundifolius (synonym of Coleus rotundifolius)
- PROTAbase on P. rotundifolius （页面存档备份，存于） (synonym of Coleus rotundifolius)
- EcoPort on P. esculentus (with tuber photo) (synonym of Coleus esculentus)
- Lamiales Newsletter on P. esculentus （页面存档备份，存于） (synonym of Coleus esculentus)
- Little-known African Tubers （页面存档备份，存于） (discusses C. rotundifolius and C. esculentus)
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