1991年伊拉克起義

1991 Iraqi uprisings
	the aftermath of the Gulf War的一部分
	; An Iraqi government tank disabled by rebels
日期	1 March – 5 April 1991
地点	Iraq
结果	Indecisive Government victory against Shias; Iraqi military victory against Kurds[1]; Major Kurdish political victory in the north and minor military victory [2][lower-alpha 1]; Mass reprisals against the population and the exodus of 1.8 million refugees from the country; Continued conflict in the rural south until 1994; Accelerated destruction of the Tigris-Euphrates marshes by Iraqi government;
领土变更	Establishment of the Kurdistan Autonomous Republic, as well as the Iraqi no-fly zones
参战方
Government Ba'ath Party Iraqi Army; Republican Guard; Special Republican Guard (Iraq); ; Popular Army; General Security; Intelligence Service; Special Security;	Shia and leftist opposition: SCIRI/Badr Brigades; Dawa; Communist Party; Pro-Syrian Ba'athists; Army and militia deserters / defectors; Kurdish rebels:; Peshmerga: KDP; PUK; Kurdish mujahideen; CPK; PDKI;
Support:; MEK	Support:; 美國[3]; 伊朗[4]; 叙利亚
指挥官与领导者
Saddam Hussein; (Commander-in-Chief); Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri; Hussein Kamel; Ali Hassan al-Majid; Taha Yasin; Tariq Aziz; Qusay Hussein	Mohammad Baqir; (Commander-in-Chief); Abdul Aziz al-Hakim; Hadi al-Amiri; Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi; Massoud Barzani; Jalal Talabani
兵力
约300,000[5]	约59,000–107,000 SCIRI:; 约40,000–50,000[5]; KDP:; 约15,000–45,000[5]; PUK:; 约4,000–12,000[5];
伤亡与损失
约5,000 killed or captured[6]	约25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians)[7][8][9]

1991年伊拉克起義是由伊拉克什叶派和库尔德人发动的反抗萨达姆的民族和宗教起义，此次起义发生于1991年3月至4月。当时，伊拉克因两伊战争和第一次海湾战争受挫。最终伊拉克政府获得胜利，但库尔德人建立了自治区并促使联军在伊拉克设置了禁飞区。[10]

参考资料

Rafaat, Aram. . Routledge. 2018-05-11. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4 （英语）. Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory
Cline, Lawrence E. . Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31].
Colgan, Jeff D. . Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9 （英语）.
Terrill, W. Andrew. . Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8 （英语）.
Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 的存檔，存档日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502
. Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始内容存档于October 10, 2019）.
. LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 9, 2012）.
. The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于December 28, 2016）.
. Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于June 15, 2010）.
Cline, Lawrence E. . Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.

The Kurdish uprising was suppressed by Iraq but Kurds retained some lands with some degree of autonomy.[1]

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[auto-1] Rafaat, Aram. . Routledge. 2018-05-11. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4 （英语）. Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory

[2] Cline, Lawrence E. . Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31].

[4] Colgan, Jeff D. . Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9 （英语）.

[5] Terrill, W. Andrew. . Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8 （英语）.

[Code-6] Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 的存檔，存档日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502

[7] . Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始内容存档于October 10, 2019）.

[8] . LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 9, 2012）.

[9] . The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于December 28, 2016）.

[10] . Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于June 15, 2010）.

[11] Cline, Lawrence E. . Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.

[3] The Kurdish uprising was suppressed by Iraq but Kurds retained some lands with some degree of autonomy.[1]