分枝杆菌属
分枝杆菌屬（学名：Mycobacterium）為放线菌门的一屬细菌，且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。为形状不规则的革兰氏阳性杆菌，不能游动，通常抗酸，无气生菌丝和孢子。
分枝杆菌属 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 結核分枝桿菌 | |
科学分类  | |
| 域： | 细菌域 Bacteria |
| 界： | 细菌界 Bacteria |
| 门： | 放線菌門 Actinomycetota |
| 纲： | 放線菌綱 Actinomycetes |
| 目： | 放线菌目 Actinomycetales |
| 科： | 分枝杆菌科 Mycobacteriaceae |
| 属： | 分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium Lehmann & Neumann 1896 |
| 模式種 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 | |
该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳類动物中造成严重疾病的病原菌，包括结核杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）和麻风杆菌（Mycobacterium leprae）[1]。
希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」，意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面，形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]
2018年，基于全基因组测序的数据，对分枝杆菌属进一步进行修订，并拆分出4个新的菌属，即Mycolicibacillus、Mycolicibacter、Mycobacteroides和Mycolicibacterium。[3]
微生物特徵
本屬物種為好氧型細菌，且為不運動型細菌（海洋分枝桿菌除外，其可以在巨噬細胞內運動），為一種抗酸型細菌[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成内孢子或莢膜，因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫，因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。
雖然說本屬不產孢子，但有兩個物種似乎例外，那就是海洋分枝桿菌（Mycobacterium marinum）和牛分枝桿菌（M. bovis）[4]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[5]
分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚，且呈蠟狀疏水性，並含有大量的分枝菌酸（mycolic acids）。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起，讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑，也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[6]
物種
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/%5B%5D) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.
表型测试可用于识别和区分不同的分枝杆菌物种和菌株。在以前的系统中，分枝杆菌根据它们的外观和生长速度进行分组的。然而，这些是近祖共性（symplesiomorphies）的，并且最近的分类基于支序分类学（cladistics）进行的。
结核分枝杆菌复合群[7] （Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex）
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
鸟分枝杆菌复合群[7][8] （Mycobacterium avium complex）
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. The species M. indicus pranii appears to be basal in this complex.[9]Species in this complex include:
- M. avium
- 鸟分枝杆菌类结核亚种 M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep
- M. avium silvaticum
- M. avium "hominissuis"
- 哥伦比亚分枝杆菌 M. colombiense
- M. indicus pranii
戈登分枝杆菌支序群[10] （Mycobacterium gordonae clade）
- 亚洲分枝杆菌 M. asiaticum
- M. gordonae
堪薩斯分支桿菌支序群 （Mycobacterium kansasii clade）
- M. g
- 堪萨斯分枝杆菌 M. kansasii
无色分枝杆菌/土分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade
- M. hiberniae
- 无色分枝杆菌 M. nonchromogenicum
- 土分枝杆菌 M. terrae
- M. triviale
Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
- 溃疡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCallum et al. 1950 , 其会引起布如里氏潰瘍（"Buruli"）, 或 "Bairnsdale, ulcer"]]
- 假分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Rhodes et al. 2005
- Mycobacterium shottsii Rhodes et al. 2003
猴分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium simiae clade
- 三重分枝杆菌 M. triplex
- 日内瓦分枝杆菌 M. genavense
- 佛罗伦萨分枝杆菌 M. florentinum
- 缓黄分枝杆菌 M. lentiflavum
- 沼泽分枝杆菌 M. palustre
- M. kubicae
- M. parascrofulaceum
- 海德堡分枝杆菌 M. heidelbergense
- 居间分枝杆菌 M. interjectum
- 猴分枝杆菌 M. simiae
未分群
- 德氏分枝杆菌 M. branderi
- M. cookii
- 隐藏分枝杆菌 M. celatum
- M. bohemicum
- 嗜血分枝杆菌 M. haemophilum
- 玛尔摩分枝杆菌 M. malmoense
- 苏加分枝杆菌 M. szulgai
- 痲瘋桿菌 Mycobacterium leprae，麻风分枝杆菌， 痲瘋病的致病菌
- 鼠麻风分枝杆菌 M. lepraemurium
- M. lepromatosis （M. lepromatosis） 另一种引起痲瘋病的较少见致病菌，于2008年被描述
- 博氏分票杆菌 Mycobacterium botniense
- 嵌合分枝杆菌 M. chimaera
- 出众分枝杆菌 M. conspicuum
- M. doricum
- 鼻疽分枝杆菌 M. farcinogenes
- 半岛分枝杆菌 M. heckeshornense
- 胞内分枝杆菌 M. intracellulare
- 洛克司分枝杆菌 M. lacus
- 海洋分枝桿菌（M. marinum）, causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma.
- M. monacense
- 摩特弗分枝杆菌 M. montefiorense
- M. murale
- 内布拉斯加分枝杆菌 M. nebraskense
- 萨斯喀彻温分枝杆菌 M. saskatchewanense
- 瘰病分枝杆菌 M. scrofulaceum
- M. shimoidei
- 托斯卡纳分枝杆菌 M. tusciae
- 蟾分枝杆菌 M. xenopi
- M. yongonense
生長速率中等
- Mycobacterium intermedium Meier et al. 1993
龟分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium chelonae clade
- 膿腫分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium abcessus
- 龟分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium chelonae
- 博氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium bolletii
偶然分枝杆菌群 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
- 偶然分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium fortuitum
- Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
- Mycobacterium boenickei
- Mycobacterium peregrinum
- 猪分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium porcinum
- 塞内加尔分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium senegalense
- 败血分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium septicum
- Mycobacterium neworleansense
- 休斯顿分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium houstonense
- 产黏液分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium mucogenicum
- 马德里分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium mageritense
- Mycobacterium brisbanense
- Mycobacterium cosmeticum
Mycobacterium parafortuitum 支序群
- M. parafortuitum
- 南非分枝杆菌 M. austroafricanum
- M. diernhoferi
- M. hodleri
- 新金色分枝杆菌 M. neoaurum
- M. frederiksbergense
Mycobacterium vaccae 支序群
- M. aurum
- M. vaccae
CF
- Mycobacterium chitae
- Mycobacterium fallax
未分群
- Mycobacterium agri
- Mycobacterium aichiense
- Mycobacterium alvei
- Mycobacterium arupense
- Mycobacterium brumae
- Mycobacterium canariasense
- Mycobacterium chubuense
- 康赛医院分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium conceptionense
- Mycobacterium confluentis Kirschner et al. 1992
- Mycobacterium duvalii
- 象分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium elephantis
- Mycobacterium flavescens Bojalil et al. 1962
- Mycobacterium gadium
- Mycobacterium gilvum
- 古地分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium goodii
- Mycobacterium hassiacum
- Mycobacterium holsaticum
- 免疫原分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium immunogenum
- Mycobacterium komossense
- 马达加斯加分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium madagascariense
- 马赛分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium massiliense
- Mycobacterium moriokaense Tsukamura et al. 1986
- 大府分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium obuense ，也拼作：Mycobacterium obuense
- 草分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann 1899
- Mycobacterium psychrotolerans
- Mycobacterium pulveris
- Mycobacterium pyrenivorans
- 包皮垢分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan 1889) Lehmann and Neumann 1899，耻垢分枝杆菌
- 泥炭藓分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium sphagni Kazda 1980
- Mycobacterium thermoresistibile
- Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
- 沃氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium wolinskyi
未分群
- Mycobacterium arosiense
- 欧巴涅分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium aubagnense
- 山羊分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium caprae
- Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum
- Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans
- Mycobacterium kiyosense Fukano et al. 2023[11]
- Mycobacterium kumamotonense Masaki et al. 2007
- 新城分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium novocastrense Shojaei et al. 1997
- 帕尔门塞分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium parmense
- 弗卡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium phocaicum
- Mycobacterium poriferae
- Mycobacterium rhodesiae
- Mycobacterium salfingeri Musser et al. 2024[12]
- Mycobacterium seoulense
- Mycobacterium tokaiense
分枝桿菌噬菌體
分枝杆菌可以被分枝杆菌噬菌体所感染，这种细菌病毒将来可能用于通过噬菌体疗法治疗结核病和相关疾病。
參見
- 細菌分類表
- 牝牛分枝桿菌
參考文獻
- Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.
- Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
- Ghosh, Jaydip; Larsson, Pontus; Singh, Bhupender; Pettersson, B. M. Fredrik; Islam, Nurul M.; Sarkar, Sailendra Nath; Dasgupta, Santanu; Kirsebom, Leif A. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009-06-30, 106 (26). ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2705590
. PMID 19541637. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904104106 （英语）. - Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
- Bhamidi S. . . Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.
- . www.termonline.cn. [2022-08-02].
- . terms.naer.edu.tw. [2022-08-02].
- Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 编. . mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02]. ISSN 2161-2129. PMC 4222108 . PMID 25370496. doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14. （原始内容存档于2022-06-25） （英语）.
- . [2021-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）.
- Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
- Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.
延伸閱讀
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria （页面存档备份，存于）. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Aug 1997 156(2) Part 2 Supplement
- RIDOM: Ribosomal Differentiation of Medical Microorganisms
- J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Mycobacterium
外部連結
- Tuberculist （页面存档备份，存于）: Genome annotation database
- MTB Sysborg: Genome annotation database from the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
- TB Structural Genomics Consortium: Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins
- MycDB: Mycobacterium database
- TBDB: Tuberculosis database
- Mycobacteriumgenomes and related information at PATRIC（页面存档备份，存于）, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID（页面存档备份，存于）
- Frequently Asked Questions about NTM Lung Disease
- PRASITE: Identification of mycobacteria （页面存档备份，存于）
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