美洲原住民語言
美洲原住民語言并不是一种语言,甚至也不是属于一种语系,而是美洲所有原住民的各种语言的总称。其中瑪雅語曾经有自己的文字系统。随着15世纪末开始西方殖民主义者的到来,美洲原住民数量在几百年的时间里锐减,再加上文化的同化,大部分美洲原住民语言都已经灭绝,目前即使会说美洲土著语言的大部分人也是操双语的人群。因为缺少研究材料,对美洲土著语言的研究很不足,目前对許多美洲土著语言的分类说法不一,尚不能把语系确定下来,只能暂时分为语组,大致有如下个语组,有几百种以上的语言,有许多语言现在能流利的说的人不足几十甚至几个人,大部分已经灭绝。
根据UNESCO的说法,美洲的大多数土著语言都处于严重濒危状态,许多语言已经成为休眠语言(没有母语使用者,但有一群遗产语言的使用者)或完全灭绝。大多数广泛使用的土著语言是南部克丘亚语(主要在南秘鲁和玻利维亚使用)和瓜拉尼语(以巴拉圭为中心,与西班牙语共同享有国家语言地位),大约有六七百万使用者(在瓜拉尼语的情况下,包括许多欧洲血统的人)。只有6种其他语言的使用者超过一百万;这些语言包括玻利维亚的艾马拉语和墨西哥的纳瓦特尔语,各有将近两百万使用者;危地马拉和墨西哥的玛雅语言克克其语、基切语和尤卡坦玛雅语,大约各有一百万使用者;可能还有一两种在秘鲁和厄瓜多尔的克丘亚语。在美国,根据2010年人口普查,有372,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[1]在加拿大,根据2011年人口普查,有133,000人报告在家中使用一种土著语言。[2]在格陵兰,约90%的人口讲格陵兰语,这是最广泛使用的爱斯基摩语。
語系種類
北美洲
- 爱斯基摩-阿留申语系(Eskimo-Aleut)分布于北极地带,包括:
- 因纽特语
- 阿留申语
- 阿尔吉克语系(Algic)广泛分布在北美东海岸,从加拿大东部到美国落矶山以东的广大地区,主要有以下几种:
- 阿爾岡昆諸語言(Algonquian)
- 黑腳語
- 夏延語
- 阿拉帕霍語
- 克里語
- 奧吉布瓦語
- 波多沃米語
- 福克斯語(Sauk–Fox–Kickapoo)
- 肖尼語
- 麻薩諸塞語
- 尤罗克语(Yurok)
- 维约特语(Wiyot)
- 阿爾岡昆諸語言(Algonquian)
- 萨利希语系(Salishan)分布从加拿大西部到美国西部太平洋沿岸:
- 贝拉库拉语族(Bella Coola)
- 海岸萨利希语族(Coast Salish)
- 内陆萨利希语族(Interior Salish)
- 欽西安語系(Tsimshianic)分布於不列顛哥倫比亞省西北部、克奇坎與安妮特島
- 瓦卡希語系(Wakashan)分布於北美西北海岸與溫哥華島
- 蘇-卡塔巴语系(Siouan–Catawban)分布於北美大平原大部分:
- 西部蘇語族(Western Siouan)
- 蘇族語
- 阿西尼博因語(Assiniboine)
- 納科塔語(Stoney)
- 克羅語(Crow)
- 卡塔巴語族†(Catawban†)
- 西部蘇語族(Western Siouan)
- 基歐瓦-塔諾安語系(Kiowa-Tanoan)分布於北美大平原,新墨西哥、堪薩斯、奧克拉荷馬與德克薩斯:
- 基歐瓦語(Kiowa)
- 傑梅茲語(Jemez)
- 提瓦語(Tiwa)
- 帖瓦語(Tewa)
- 卡多语系(Caddoan)分布於北美大平原,現今分布於北達科他南部與奧克拉荷馬
- 易洛魁語系(Iroquoian)分布於北美東部,主要於五大湖東部與聖勞倫斯河流域:
- 塞尼卡語(Seneca)
- 卡尤加語(Cayuga)
- 奧農達加語(Onondaga)
- 奧內達語(Oneida)
- 莫霍克語(Mohawk)
- 切羅基語(Cherokee)
- 穆斯科吉语系(Muskogean)分布於美國東南部:
- 契卡索語(Chickasaw)
- 喬克托語(Choctaw)
- 克里克-塞米諾爾語(Creek-Seminole)
- 希奇提-密卡蘇奇語(Hitchiti-Mikasuki)
- 阿帕拉契語(Apalachee†)
- 阿拉巴馬語(Alabama)
- 夸薩蒂語(Koasati)
中美洲
- 猶他-阿茲特克語系分布从美国犹他州到墨西哥广大地区
- 努米克語族
- 北派尤特語
- 科曼奇語
- 休休尼語
- 科羅拉多河努米克語(Colorado River Numic language)
- 霍皮語
- 皮馬語族
- 塔拉烏馬拉語族
- 納瓦語族
- 努米克語族
- 歐托-曼格語系(Oto-Manguean)主要分佈在墨西哥,曾經分佈到尼加拉瓜與哥斯大黎加,包括薩波特克語、米斯特克語、奧托米語等等
- 馬雅語系分布在中美洲和墨西哥南部地区:
- 犹加敦语支(Yucatec Maya)
- 乔尔泽套语支(Cholan–Tzeltalan)
- 瓦斯蒂克语支(Huastecan)
- 坎合巴祖赫语(Kanjobalan–Chujean)
- 基切马梅语支(Quichean–Mamean)
參考文獻
来源
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- Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project (页面存档备份,存于)
- 南美洲
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外部連結
- Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul-americanas (页面存档备份,存于)
- Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos
- Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages. A bibliographical database
- South American Languages
- Society to Advance Indigenous Vernaculars of the United States (页面存档备份,存于) (SAIVUS)
- Indigenous Peoples Languages: Articles, News, Videos
- Documentation Center of the Linguistic Minorities of Panama
- The Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
- Indigenous Language Institute (页面存档备份,存于)
- The Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (页面存档备份,存于) (SSILA)
- Southern Oregon Digital Archives First Nations Tribal Collection (页面存档备份,存于) (collection of ethnographic, linguistic, & historical material)
- Center for the Study of the Native Languages of the Plains and Southwest
- Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica
- Programa de Formación en Educación Intercultural Bilingüe para los Países Andinos (页面存档备份,存于)
- Native American Language Center (University of California at Davis)
- Native Languages of the Americas (页面存档备份,存于)
- International Journal of American Linguistics (页面存档备份,存于)
- Our Languages (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- Swadesh Lists of Brazilian Native Languages
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