肿瘤坏死因子

肿瘤坏死因子
	PDB rendering based on 1TNF.
有效结构
PDB	直系同源检索：PDBe, RCSB
PDB查询代码列表
	1A8M, 1TNF, 2AZ5, 2E7A, 2TUN, 2ZJC, 2ZPX, 3ALQ, 3IT8, 3L9J, 4TSV, 5TSW
标识
代号	TNF; DIF; TNF-alpha; TNFA; TNFSF2
扩展标识	遗传学：191160 鼠基因：104798 同源基因：496 ChEMBL: 1825 GeneCards: TNF Gene
基因本体论描述
分子功能	· protease binding; · cytokine activity; · tumor necrosis factor receptor binding; · protein binding; · identical protein binding; · transcription regulatory region DNA binding;
细胞成分	· phagocytic cup; · extracellular space; · plasma membrane; · integral to plasma membrane; · external side of plasma membrane; · cell surface; · membrane raft; · recycling endosome;
生物过程	· protein import into nucleus, translocation; · negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; · MAPK cascade; · activation of MAPKKK activity; · activation of MAPK activity; · response to hypoxia; · cell activation; · positive regulation of cytokine production; · positive regulation of protein phosphorylation; · negative regulation of L-glutamate transport; · chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; · negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response; · positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus; · positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin; · skeletal muscle contraction; · glucose metabolic process; · apoptotic process; · anti-apoptosis; · induction of apoptosis; · activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; · transformed cell apoptotic process; · inflammatory response; · humoral immune response; · JNK cascade; · negative regulation of cell proliferation; · induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals; · induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals; · induction of apoptosis via death domain receptors; · response to mechanical stimulus; · response to virus; · response to salt stress; · organ morphogenesis; · negative regulation of gene expression; · negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity; · negative regulation of lipid storage; · positive regulation of necrotic cell death; · response to activity; · calcium-mediated signaling; · extracellular matrix organization; · sequestering of triglyceride; · positive regulation of protein complex assembly; · positive regulation of fever generation; · lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway; · negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; · positive regulation of chemokine production; · positive regulation of interferon-gamma production; · positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; · receptor biosynthetic process; · positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; · tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway; · positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion; · positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; · response to drug; · positive regulation of apoptotic process; · positive regulation of apoptotic process; · negative regulation of apoptotic process; · positive regulation of programmed cell death; · regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; · positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade; · positive regulation of protein complex disassembly; · positive regulation of MAP kinase activity; · protein kinase B signaling cascade; · positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process; · negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host; · negative regulation of viral genome replication; · positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process; · positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process; · positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process; · negative regulation of fat cell differentiation; · negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation; · positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation; · positive regulation of mitosis; · negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; · positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; · positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; · positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; · positive regulation of translational initiation by iron; · negative regulation of glucose import; · positive regulation of JNK cascade; · embryonic digestive tract development; · positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation; · positive regulation of cytokine secretion; · regulation of insulin secretion; · positive regulation of synaptic transmission; · defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; · leukocyte tethering or rolling; · negative regulation of lipid catabolic process; · regulation of immunoglobulin secretion; · positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis; · positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity; · positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; · positive regulation of protein transport; · response to glucocorticoid stimulus; · positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus; · positive regulation of hair follicle development; · positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade; · induction of necroptosis by extracellular signals; · positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process; · positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity; · epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis; · regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis; · negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis; · necrotic cell death; · positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; · cellular response to amino acid stimulus; · cellular response to nicotine; · cellular response to organic cyclic compound; · positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration; · positive regulation of podosome assembly; · extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; · positive regulation of protein localization at cell surface; · positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA表达模式
	更多表达数据
直系同源体

肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）旧称肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）[1]以区别肿瘤坏死因子-β，属肿瘤坏死因子超家族一员，是一种涉及到系统性炎症的细胞因子，同时也是属于引起急相反应的众多细胞因子中的一员。主要由巨噬细胞分泌，不过有一些其它类型的细胞也能生产。

功能

總括而言，腫瘤壞死因子能抑制不同種流感病毒的複製，擁有強大的抗病毒效果[2]。肿瘤坏死因子的主要作用是调节免疫细胞的功能。作为一种内源性致热原，它能够促使发热，引起细胞凋亡，（通过诱使产生IL1和IL6）引发败血症，引起恶病体质，引发炎症，阻止肿瘤发生和病毒复制。

肿瘤坏死因子生产的失调被认为与许多人类疾病有关，包括阿茲海默症[3]、癌症[4]、重性抑郁障碍[5]和肠炎。[6]虽然仍有争议，不过当前的研究认为肿瘤坏死因子α的水平与抑郁和肠炎有关。[7]基因工程生产的肿瘤坏死因子被用作免疫兴奋剂（国际非专利药品名称为他索纳明）。肿瘤的恶变过程中，肿瘤坏死因子α常异位表达，而其过量表达同副甲狀腺素一道与引发继发性高钙血症和癌症有关。

炎症過程中釋放的TNF與H2O2誘導的BCa轉化有關，伴血吸蟲感染的BCa患者血清中TNF水平顯著升高。另外，T3及T4期患者TNF水平高於T1及T2早期患者，提示TNF水平可能有助於BCa的進展[8]。由於TNF有助於BCa的形成和發展，故而可以作為評估BCa侵襲性和惡性程度的指標[9]。

参考文献

Liu CY, Tam SS, Huang Y, Dubé PE, Alhosh R, Girish N, Punit S, Nataneli S, Li F, Bender JM, Washington MK, Polk DB. TNF Receptor 1 Promotes Early-Life Immunity and Protects against Colitis in Mice. Cell Rep. 2020 Oct 20;33(3):108275. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108275. PMID 33086075; PMCID: PMC7682618.
Seo, S. H.; Webster, R. G. . Journal of Virology. 2002-02-01, 76 (3): 1071–1076. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/jvi.76.3.1071-1076.2002.
Swardfager W, Lanctôt K, Rothenburg L, Wong A, Cappell J, Herrmann N. . Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 68 (10): 930–941. PMID 20692646. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012.
Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ. . Cell. 2001, 104 (4): 487–501. PMID 11239407. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00237-9.
Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctôt KL. . Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 67 (5): 446–457. PMID 20015486. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033.
Brynskov J, Foegh P, Pedersen G, Ellervik C, Kirkegaard T, Bingham A, Saermark T. . Gut. 2002, 51 (1): 37–43. PMC 1773288 . PMID 12077089. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.37.
Mikocka-Walus AA, Turnbull DA, Moulding NT, Wilson IG, Andrews JM, Holtmann GJ. . Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2007, 13 (2): 225–234. PMID 17206706. doi:10.1002/ibd.20062.
葉衛豐,賀敏,吳志斌.膀胱癌患者外周血中IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF的表達及臨床意義.臨床和實驗醫學雜誌,2016,15(11):1064
孫祖剛、劉碩等.炎症細胞和促炎性細胞因子在膀胱腫瘤炎症微環境中的作用概述.湖北科技學院學報(醫學版).2018年，第5期：P451-454

參見

單株益生菌(Bifidobacterium animalis)

外部連結

醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Tumor+Necrosis+Factor-alpha

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[1] Liu CY, Tam SS, Huang Y, Dubé PE, Alhosh R, Girish N, Punit S, Nataneli S, Li F, Bender JM, Washington MK, Polk DB. TNF Receptor 1 Promotes Early-Life Immunity and Protects against Colitis in Mice. Cell Rep. 2020 Oct 20;33(3):108275. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108275. PMID 33086075; PMCID: PMC7682618.

[2] Seo, S. H.; Webster, R. G. . Journal of Virology. 2002-02-01, 76 (3): 1071–1076. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/jvi.76.3.1071-1076.2002.

[pmid20692646-3] Swardfager W, Lanctôt K, Rothenburg L, Wong A, Cappell J, Herrmann N. . Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 68 (10): 930–941. PMID 20692646. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.012.

[pmid11239407-4] Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ. . Cell. 2001, 104 (4): 487–501. PMID 11239407. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00237-9.

[pmid20015486-5] Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctôt KL. . Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 67 (5): 446–457. PMID 20015486. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.033.

[pmid12077089-6] Brynskov J, Foegh P, Pedersen G, Ellervik C, Kirkegaard T, Bingham A, Saermark T. . Gut. 2002, 51 (1): 37–43. PMC 1773288 . PMID 12077089. doi:10.1136/gut.51.1.37.

[pmid17206706-7] Mikocka-Walus AA, Turnbull DA, Moulding NT, Wilson IG, Andrews JM, Holtmann GJ. . Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2007, 13 (2): 225–234. PMID 17206706. doi:10.1002/ibd.20062.

[8] 葉衛豐,賀敏,吳志斌.膀胱癌患者外周血中IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF的表達及臨床意義.臨床和實驗醫學雜誌,2016,15(11):1064

[9] 孫祖剛、劉碩等.炎症細胞和促炎性細胞因子在膀胱腫瘤炎症微環境中的作用概述.湖北科技學院學報(醫學版).2018年，第5期：P451-454