蚊
蚊科(学名:)是昆蟲綱雙翅目之下的一個科。該科生物通常被稱為蚊或蚊子,是一種具有刺吸式口器的纖小飛蟲。绝大多数蚊科的雄蚊以植物汁液为食,雌蚊则外寄生于其他生物表面,使用刺吸式口器刺穿宿主的皮肤以吸取血液。其宿主成千上萬,主要为脊椎动物,如哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物、鱼类等。有些种类的蚊子还会寄生于节肢动物。吸食血液对宿主一般不会有太大影响,但在吸食过程中,蚊子的唾液会使宿主出现皮疹等症状。蚊子是许多种疾病的传播媒介,蚊子会以吸食血液的方式,将疾病从一个宿主体内传播到另一个宿主体内,登革熱、瘧疾、黃熱病、寨卡病毒、絲蟲病、日本腦炎、西尼罗河病毒、基孔肯雅热等虫媒病毒可以通过这种方式快速传播,因此,蚊子被蚊蟲控制協會(英文:Mosquito Control Association)評為世界上最危險的動物之一。目前除南極洲外,各大洲皆有蚊子的廣泛分布。[2][3][4]。
蚊科 | |
---|---|
埃及斑蚊(Aedes aegypti,吸血蚊) | |
巨蚊(Toxorhynchites rutilus,非吸血蚊) | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 雙翅目 Diptera |
亚目: | 長角亞目 Nematocera |
下目: | 蚊下目 Culicomorpha |
总科: | 蚊總科 Culicoidea |
科: | 蚊科 Culicidae Meigen, 1818 |
亚科 | |
|
身體構造
跟一般的昆蟲一樣,身體分為頭、胸、腹三個部分。身體和腳皆細長。大小隨種類不同,不過大部分小於15mm。體重約為2-2.5mg。只有一對翅膀(雙翅目的特徵),另一對退化為平衡桿。飛行速度約為每小時1.5到2.5公里,單次飛行可持續4分半鐘,一般蚊子飛行時每秒翅膀振动594次左右;這樣的振動,使我們在蚊子飛行時會聽到「嗡嗡」的聲音。口器為刺吸式,特化成細長的喙,大部分種類雌蚊的口器都適合刺吸血液。蚊體表覆蓋形狀及顏色不同的鱗片,使蚊體呈不同的顏色。這是鑑別蚊類的重要依據之一。翅脈上也有鱗片,翅後緣有緣鱗。多為夜行性動物。
生活
生活史
蚊科均為完全變態,包括四個發育時期:卵、幼蟲、蛹及成蟲。前三個時期的長短與種類及溫度有關。舉例來說,媒斑蚊(Culex tarsalis,常見於美國),在20℃下須14天來完成前三時期的發育。但在25℃上,只需要10天就可以發育完成。完成前三時期的發育所需的時間通常介於4天至一個月之間。蚊子的卵依種類的不同可能產在水面、水邊或水中三種不同的位置,水面上的如瘧蚊和家蚊,水邊的如斑蚊。瘧蚊和家蚊約在二天內孵化,而斑蚊則在三至五天會孵化。
蚊科昆蟲的幼蟲又稱為
有一些種類的蚊子幼蟲(例如瓶草蚊屬),住在鳳梨科植物中的積水裡。有些甚至居住在豬籠草等捕蟲植物之中。Deinocerites屬的蚊子則居住在海邊的小洞中。大部分不居住在熱帶的品種,都以卵的形態度過冬天。但也有少部分的種類以成蟲或孑孓的型態來越冬,例如家蚊屬的一些種類,即以雌成蟲的型態來越冬。实验室发现,蚊子在0度以上能存活的时间非常长,大概能存活到三到五个月。[5]
攝食
大部分蚊科的雌蚊均有吸血習性,主要是為了交配後產卵(並非靠吸食血液維生),所以牠們的口器特化為細長的喙,以便刺穿動物的皮膚。跟其他吸血昆蟲的針狀(像注射針筒)口器不同,雌蚊口器上佈滿了鋸齒狀的突出。和注射針頭平滑的表面相比,鋸齒狀的口器和皮膚組織接觸的面積較小,這減少了對於神經的刺激,所以產生的疼痛感大大降低。蚊子吸血時,會反覆的穿刺皮膚,藉這個動作來尋找最適合的穿刺位置(以微血管密度決定)。接著,將口針刺入皮膚并注射含有抗凝血化合物的唾液,有时唾液含有病原体并可能感染寄主。口針可直接刺入微血管,或利用口器的游移劃破微血管,形成血池後再吸血。
雌蚊藉由特殊的感應器來尋找牠們的獵物。雌蚊對二氧化碳、熱及汗水非常敏感,所以牠們能在一定的距離內尋找恆溫動物的哺乳類和鳥叮咬。經常有人認為血型、肥胖、性別甚至血糖會影響被叮咬的風險,但是在世界範圍內都沒有令人信服的統計數據。
雌蚊需要攝取蛋白質以獲得足夠的營養來產卵,而從一般雄蚊的正常飲食(花蜜、果汁)中無法獲得足量的蛋白質,因此雌蚊才會吸血。而也有少數蚊科雌雄皆不吸血,如巨蚊屬的雌蚊口器構造並不適合吸血,成蟲以花蜜為主食,幼蟲則以其他蚊子(包含同類)的幼蟲為食。
演化
據信,在2.26億年前的三叠纪就已經演化出蚊子的始祖。而最早的化石證據則發現於白堊紀晚期的岩層當中。最初演化出蚊子的區域是在現今的南美洲,接著逐漸往北遷徙到勞亞古陸,接著再度往南遷徙到熱帶地區。蚊子的祖先大約有現存種類的三倍大,與幽蚊科(Chaoboridae)有密切的關係。
蚊與健康
在世界中大部分的地區,蚊是嚴重的公共衛生問題。估計,每年約有7億人被蚊子傳染各種疾病,且每十七人中,就有1人死於被蚊子傳染的各種疾病。[6]蚊子每年殺死70萬人。[7]尤其是在熱帶地區,多種傳染病常藉由蚊子傳染給人類。但在大多數溫帶國家,例如美國、英國、紐西蘭、日本,被蚊子咬通常只會發癢,而不至於被傳染疾病。
傳染疾病的機制
雌蚊在吸血時,若叮咬的對象是病人,則病原可能藉由這個動作進入蚊子體內,並藉著蚊子的叮咬傳播。但不是每一種蚊子都可以傳播每一種病毒。只有特定種類的蚊子(稱為病媒蚊),可以傳播特定種類的病毒。若病毒被非病媒蚊的蚊子吸取,則會在蚊子的消化系統中被酵素破壞,失去傳染力。[8]由於只有雌蚊會吸血,所以只有雌蚊會傳染疾病。
蚊子對狗會間接傳染犬心絲蟲及立克次體的疾病。
瘧蚊與瘧疾
蚊科之下的一個屬,瘧蚊屬(Anopheles),是單細胞原生生物界瘧原蟲的中介寄主;其雌蚊吸血姿態呈傾斜倒立狀,頭部非常靠近皮膚,非常好辨認。全世界瘧蚊屬的成員有400種,其中85種能傳播瘧疾。瘧原蟲造成的瘧疾是全球人類主要的死因之一,尤其是五歲以下的孩童,更容易受到瘧疾的感染而死亡。瘧疾每年約造成3百萬人死亡,[9]會傳染瘧疾的瘧蚊分布在中南美洲、非洲、大洋洲和中亞,尤以非洲最為嚴重。在非洲,平均每30秒就有一個兒童死於瘧疾。[10]
分類
本科包括了約3,500種,38屬。又分成:瘧蚊亞科(Anophelinae)及家蚊亞科(Culicinae,包括了80%以上的種類)两个亚科;旧分类法原有的巨蚊亞科(Toxorhynchitinae)现被归为家蚊亚科的一个族,即巨蚊族(Toxorhynchitini)。以下僅列出較重要的數個屬。
- Abraedes Zavortink, 1970
- Acalleomyia Leicester, 1908
- Acallyntrum Stone, 1948
- Acartomyia Theobald, 1903
- Aedeomyia Theobald, 1901
- 斑蚊屬 Aedes Meigen, 1818,伊蚊
- Aedimorphus Theobald, 1903
- Aedinus Lutz, 1905
- Aetheapnomyia Harbuch & Greenwalt, 2012
- Afroculex Danilov, 1989
- Afrorhynchus Ribeiro, 1991
- Aioretomyia Leicester, 1908
- Alanstonea Mattingly, 1960
- Albuginosus Reinert, 1987
- Aldrichinella Theobald, 1910
- Allimanta Casal & Garcia, 1968
- Andersonia Strickland, 1911
- Aniella Enderlein, 1923
- Anisocheleomyia Theobald, 1905
- Ankylorhynchus Lutz, 1904
- 疟蚊属 Anopheles Meigen, 1818,(按蚊)
- Apicomyia Shannon, 1922
- Aporoculex Theobald, 1907
- Archaeoculicus 叢蚊屬
- Armigeres Theobald, 1901,阿蚊
- Arribalzagia Theobald, 1903
- Arthuromyia Ayroza Galvão, 1941
- Asioculicus Hong, 1976
- Austromansonia Belkin, 1968
- Austrotheobaldia Dobrotworsky, 1954
- Ayurakitia Thurman, 1954
- Aztecaedes Zavortink, 1972
- Bancroftia Lutz, 1904
- Banksinella Theobald, 1907
- Barraudius Edwards, 1921
- Barraudius Linnaeus, 1758
- Bathosomyia Theobald, 1909
- Belkinius Reinert, 1982
- Belkinomyia Adames & Galindo, 1973
- Bifidistylus Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2009
- Binotia Blanchard, 1904
- Bironella Theobald, 1905
- Bolbodeomyia Theobald, 1910
- Borichinda Rattanarithikul & Harbach, 2007
- Bothaella Reinert, 1973
- Boycia Newstead, 1907
- Brachiosoma Theobald, 1901
- Brevirhynchus Theobald, 1908
- Burmaculex Borkent & Grimaldi, 2004
- Cacomyia Coquillett, 1906
- Caenocephalus Taylor, 1914
- Caenomyiella Harbach & Peyton, 1990
- Calladimyia Dyar, 1919
- Carrollia Lutz, 1905
- Catageiomyia Theobald, 1904
- Catatassomyia Dyar & Shannon, 1925
- Cellia Theobald, 1902
- Chaetocruiomyia Theobald, 1910
- Chaetomyia Leicester, 1908
- Chagasia Cruz, 1906
- Chilomyia Shannon, 1922
- Christya Theobald, 1903
- Chrysoconops Goeldi, 1905
- Cleobonnea Dyar, 1919
- Collessius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Colonemyia Leicester, 1908
- Conchyliastes Howard, 1901
- Conopomyia Leicester, 1908
- Conopostegus Dyar, 1925
- 苛蚊屬 Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905(軻蚊)
- Coquillettidia Edwards, 1923
- 家蚊屬 Culex Linnaeus, 1758(庫蚊)
- Culicada Felt, 1904
- Culicella Felt, 1904
- Culicelsa Felt, 1904
- Culiselsa Felt, 1904
- 絨蚊屬 Culiseta Felt, 1904(脈毛蚊)
- Cyathomyia Meijere, 1910
- Cycloleppteron Theobald, 1901
- Dahliana Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2007
- Danielsia Theobald, 1904
- Dasymyia Leicester, 1908
- Decamyia Dyar, 1919
- Deinocerites Theobald, 1901
- Desvoidya Blanchard, 1901
- Diceromyia Felt, 1918
- Diceromyia Theobald, 1911
- Dinanamesus Dyar & Knab, 1909
- Dinomimetes Knab, 1907
- Diphalangarpe Dyar, 1919
- Dixapuella Dyar & Shannon, 1924
- Dixomyia Taylor, 1914
- Dobrotworskyius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Downsiomyia Vargas, 1950
- Dunnius Edwards, 1930
- Duttonia Newstead, 1907
- Dyarina Bonne-Wepster & Bonne, 1921
- Ecculex Felt, 1904
- Ekrinomyia Leicester, 1908
- Elpeytonius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2009
- Eoaedes Harbuch & Greenwalt, 2012
- Eretmapodites Theobald, 1901
- Etorleptiomyia Theobald, 1904
- Eubonnea Dyar, 1919
- Eumelanomyia Theobald, 1909
- Exallomyia Harbach & Peyton, 1991
- Feltidia Dyar, 1905
- Feltinella Theobald, 1907
- 費蚊屬 Ficalbia Theobald, 1903
- Finlaya Theobald, 1903
- Fredwardsius Reinert, 2000
- Galindomyia Stone & Barreto, 1969
- Geitonomyia Leicester, 1908
- Georgecraigius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Gilesia Theobald, 1903
- Gilesius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Gnophodeomyia Theobald, 1905
- Grabhamia Theobald, 1903
- Grassia Theobald, 1902
- Gualteria Lutz, 1904
- Gymnometopa Coquillett, 1905
- Haemagogus Williston, 1896
- Halaedes Belkin, 1962
- Harbachius Reinert, 1999
- Heizmannia Ludlow, 1905
- Heliconiamyia Dyar, 1919
- Heptaphlebomyia Theobald, 1903
- Heteronycha Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
- Himalaius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Hispidimyia Theobald, 1910
- 霍蚊屬 Hodgesia Theobald, 1904
- Hopkinsius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2008
- Howardia Theobald, 1902
- Howardina Theobald, 1903
- Huaedes Huang, 1968
- Hulecoeteomyia Theobald, 1904
- Hyloconops Lutz, 1904
- Hystatomyia Dyar, 1919
- Indusius Barraud, 1934
- Insulalutzia Tanaka, 2003
- Isoaedes Reinert, 1979
- Isostomyia Coquillett, 1906
- Janthinosoma Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
- Jarnellius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Jihlienius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Joblotia Blanchard, 1901
- Johnbelkinia Zavortink, 1979
- Kenknightia Reinert, 1990
- Kerteszia Theobald, 1905
- Kimia Vu Duc Huong & Harbach, 2007
- Kingia Theobald, 1910
- Kitzmilleria Danilov, 1989
- Kompia Aitken, 1941
- Kummyia Vargas, 1950
- Lasioconops Theobald, 1903
- Leicesteria Theobald, 1904
- Leicesteriomyia Brunetti, 1912
- Leipidotomyia
- Lemmamyia Dyar, 1919
- Lepiothauma Enderlein, 1923
- Leptosomatomyia Theobald, 1905
- Leslieomyia Christophers, 1911
- Lesticocampa Dyar & Knab, 1906
- Levua Stone & Bohart, 1944
- Libanoculex
- Libanoculex intermedius Azar, Nel, Huang & Engel, 2023[11]
- Limatus Theobald, 1901
- Lophoceraomyia Theobald, 1905
- Lophoscelomyia Theobald, 1904
- Lorrainea Belkin, 1962
- Ludlowia Theobald, 1907
- Luius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2008
- Lutzia Theobald, 1903
- Luzonus Stone & Bohart, 1944
- Lynchiella Lahille, 1904
- Macleaya Theobald, 1903
- Maillotia Theobald, 1907
- 芋蚊屬 Malaya Leicester, 1908(鉤蚊)
- Manguinhosia Cruz, 1908
- 沼蚊屬 Mansonia Blanchard, 1902(曼蚊)
- Mansonioides Theobald, 1907
- Maorigoeldia Edwards, 1930
- Mattinglyia Lien, 1968
- Megaculex Theobald, 1907
- Melanoconion Theobald, 1903
- Menolepis Lutz, 1908
- Metalutzia Tanaka, 2003
- Miamyia Dyar, 1919
- Micraedes Coquillett, 1905
- Microculex Theobald, 1907
- Mimeteculex Theobald, 1908
- Mimeteomyia Theobald, 1910
- Mimetomyia
- Mimomyia Theobald, 1903
- Missirolimyia Vargas, 1950
- Mochlostyrax Dyar & Knab, 1906
- Molpemyia Theobald, 1910
- Mucidus Theobald, 1901
- Myxosquamus Theobald, 1909
- Myzomyia Blanchard, 1902
- Myzorhynchella Theobald, 1907
- Myzorhynchus Blanchard, 1902
- Neobironella Tenorio, 1977
- Neocellia Theobald, 1907
- Neochaoborus Edwards, 1930
- Neoculex Dyar, 1905
- Neoculicites Evenhuis, 1994
- Neomacleaya Theobald, 1907
- Neomelanoconion Theobald, 1907
- Neomyzomyia Theobald, 1910
- Neopecomyia Theobald, 1909
- Neosquamomyia Taylor, 1914
- Neotheobaldia Dobrotworsky, 1958
- Nicaromyia Broche & Rodriguez, 2001
- Nothoskusea Dumbleton, 1962
- Nyctomyia
- Nyssorhynchus Blanchard, 1902
- Nyssorrhynchus
- Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arribalzaga, 1891
- Oculeomyia Theobald, 1907
- Onirion Peyton & Harbach, 2000
- Opifex Hutton, 1902
- 直蚊屬 Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904(直腳蚊)
- Paleoculicis Poinar, Zavortink, Pike & Johnston, 2000
- Paraedes Edwards, 1934
- Pardomyia Theobald, 1907
- Patmarksia Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Pecomyia Theobald, 1905
- Pectinopalpus Theobald, 1909
- Pentemyia Dyar, 1919
- Petermattinglyius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2009
- Phagomyia Edwards, 1905
- Phagomyia Theobald, 1905
- Phalangomyia Dyar & Knab, 1914
- Phenacomyia Harbach & Peyton, 1992
- Philodendromyia Theobald, 1907
- Phoniomyia Theobald, 1903
- Pneumaculex Dyar, 1905
- Polylepidomyia Theobald, 1905
- Polyleptiomyia Theobald, 1905
- Popea Ludlow, 1905
- Priscoculex Poinar et al., 2019
- Prosopolepis Lutz, 1905
- Protoculex Felt, 1904
- Protomacleaya Theobald, 1907
- Protomelanoconion Theobald, 1909
- Pseudarmigeres Stone & Knight, 1956
- Pseudocarrollia Theobald, 1910
- Pseudoculex Dyar, 1905
- Pseudoficalbia Theobald, 1912
- Pseudograbhamia Theobald, 1905
- Pseudograhamia Theobald, 1910
- Pseudoheptaphlebomyia Ventrillon, 1905
- Pseudohowardina Theobald, 1907
- Pseudoskusea Theobald, 1907
- Pseudotaeniorhynchus Theobald, 1911
- Pseudotheobaldia Theobald, 1907
- Pseudouranotaenia Theobald, 1905
- 鱗蚊屬 Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827
- Pyretophorus Blanchard, 1902
- Quasistegomyia Theobald, 1906
- Rachionotomyia Theobald, 1905
- Rachisoura Theobald, 1910
- Radioculex Theobald, 1908
- Rampamyia Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Ravenalites Doucet, 1950
- Reedomyia Ludlow, 1905
- Rossia Theobald, 1902
- Runchomyia Theobald, 1903
- Russellia Vargas, 1943
- Sabethes Robineau-Desvoidy, 1827
- Sabethinus Lutz, 1904
- Sabethoides Theobald, 1903
- Scutomyia Theobald, 1904
- Shannonesia Fonseca & Silva Ramos, 1940
- Shannoniana Lane & Cerqueira, 1942
- Shannoniella Fonseca & Silva Ramos, 1940
- Simondella Simond & Laveran, 1902
- Sinoaedes Gong & Lu, 1991
- Skeiromyia Leicester, 1908
- Skusea Theobald, 1903
- Squamomyia Theobald, 1910
- Stegoconops Lutz, 1905
- Stegomyia Theobald, 1901
- Stenoscutus Theobald, 1909
- Stethomyia Theobald, 1902
- Suaymyia Thurman, 1959
- Taeniorhynchus Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891
- Tanakaius Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2004
- Teromyia Leicester, 1908
- Tewarius Reinert, 2006
- Thaiomyia Bram, 1966
- Theobaldinella Blanchard, 1905
- Thomasina Newstead & Carter, 1911
- Tinolestes Coquillett, 1905
- 土蚊屬 Topomyia Leicester, 1908(局限蚊)
- 巨蚊屬 Toxorhynchites Theobald, 1901
- Triamyia Dyar, 1919
- Tricholeptomyia Dyar & Shannon, 1925
- Trichopronomyia Theobald, 1905
- Trichoprosopon Theobald, 1901
- Trichorhynchomyia Brunetti, 1912
- Trichorhynchus Theobald, 1905
- 翠蚊屬 Tripteroides Giles, 1904(杵蚊)
- 尤蚊屬 Udaya Thurman, 1954
- 小蚊屬 Uranotaenia Lynch Arribálzaga, 1891(藍帶蚊)
- Vansomerenis Reinert, Harbach & Kitching, 2006
- Verrallina Theobald, 1903
- Worcesteria Banks, 1906
- Wyeomyia Theobald, 1901
- Zavortinkius Reinert, 1999
- Zeugnomyia Leicester, 1908
- Zinzala Zavortink, 1986
灭蚊
参考文献
- Borkent, A.; Grimaldi, D. A. . Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 2004, 97 (5): 882–888. ISSN 0013-8746. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0882:TEFMDC]2.0.CO;2.
- . Michigan Mosquito Control Organization. 2013 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-03-30).
- Gates, Bill. . [2018-05-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-12).
- . BBC News. [2016-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-01) (英国英语).
- . 江苏广电融媒体新闻中心. 2016-11-24 [2017-11-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12).
- Taubes G. A mosquito bites back. The New York Times Magazine. 1977; 24 Aug:40-6
- . www.solidot.org. [2019-08-26]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-26).
蚊子每年殺死了 70 萬人。在現代人類 20 多萬年的歷史中,總共有 1080 億人類在地球上生活過,其中近半是被蚊子殺死的。
- 蚊子傳播登革病毒的機制,陳維鈞,「科學發展」第368期,2003年8月
- Shell ER. Resurgence of a deadly disease. The Atlantic Monthly. 1997;Aug: 45-60
- Global Malaria Programme (GMP),WHO
- Dany Azar, André Nel, Diying Huang and Michael S. Engel. 2023. The Earliest Fossil Mosquito. Current Biology. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.047
- . 中部害蟲管理中心(公司). 2013-04-12 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20).
- . 新華網. 2013-07-05 [2013-07-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-09).
- . 科技行者. [2019-07-19]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-29).
参见
- 蚊香
- 除虫菊
外部链接
- 蚊子,你知道多少种? (页面存档备份,存于),果壳网。
- 蚊子這麼多,怎麼有效的預防? (页面存档备份,存于),佛系案內所。
- 开放式目录计划中和蚊相关的内容
- Mosquito Pest Control Information - National Pesticide Information Center(页面存档备份,存于)
- West Nile Virus Resource Guide - National Pesticide Information Center (页面存档备份,存于)
- Mosquitoes of Wisconsin (页面存档备份,存于)
- Biological Database for Anopheline Mosquitoes
- Database for Disease Vectors(页面存档备份,存于)
- Inland Floodwater mosquito Aedes vexans diagnostic photographs and taxonomy (页面存档备份,存于)
- Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician’s guidePDF (151 KiB)