102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911
Coastal Defense Memorial Uusikaupunki
TypeNaval gun
Railway gun
Coastal artillery
Place of originRussian Empire
Service history
Used byRussian Empire
Soviet Union
Bulgaria
Estonia
Finland
Peru
WarsWorld War I
Russian Civil War
Winter War
World War II
Production history
DesignerVickers
Designed1908
ManufacturerObukhov
Perm
Produced1911
Specifications
Mass2,850 kg (6,280 lb)
Length6 m (19 ft 8 in)
Barrel length5.2 m (17 ft 1 in) 60 caliber
ShellFixed QF 101.6 x 790mm R
ammunition 30 kg (66 lb)
Shell weight17.5 kg (39 lb)
Caliber102 millimeters (4.0 in)
ActionSemi-automatic
BreechHorizontal wedge breech
Elevation-10° to +30°
Traverse360°
Rate of fire12-15 rpm
Muzzle velocity823 m/s (2,700 ft/s)
Effective firing range16 km (9.9 mi) at +30°[1]

The 102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. Pattern 1911 guns found a second life on river gunboats and armored trains during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery[2] during World War II. In 1941 it was estimated that 146 guns were in service. Of these, 49 were in the Baltic Fleet, 30 in the Black Sea Fleet, 30 in the Pacific Fleet, 18 in the Northern Fleet, 9 in the Caspian Flotilla and 6 in the Pinsk Flotilla.[3]

History

The requirement to re-equip destroyers of the Imperial Russian fleet with guns larger than the current 75 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892 was raised by the chief of the Baltic Fleet Mine Division, Nikolai Ottowitsch von Essen, in January 1907.[4] The design for the new gun was completed with technical assistance from the British Vickers company at the Obukhov State plant in 1908 and testing was completed in August 1909.[4]

Construction

Pattern 1911 guns were produced at the Obukhov state plant and the Perm artillery factory between 1911 and 1921. In 1911 an order for 505 guns was placed of which 225 were delivered by January 1, 1917. Another 200 were expected to be produced during 1917 and 83 in 1918. In 1921 an order for 85 guns was placed at the Perm factory, but this was reduced to 48 guns.[3] The Pattern 1911 was constructed of an A tube, reinforced by three hoops which were put on while hot and screwed onto the breech. The Pattern 1911 had a high rate of fire 12-15 rpm (10 rpm practical) due to the use of Fixed QF ammunition and a semi-automatic, horizontal wedge breech mechanism. After ejecting each empty case the gun re-cocked itself and kept breech open for the next round. It also had the usual combination of hydraulic buffer and spring recuperator.[2] The original naval mounts were short and had low angles of elevation between -6° and +20°. Latter mounts were taller and had high angles of elevation between -10° and +30°.[1]

Pattern 1911 guns armed a variety of ships such as destroyers, guard ships, gunboats, landing craft, minelayers and torpedo cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy. After the 1917 October Revolution the successor states of Estonia, Finland, and the Soviet Union all used this gun. Pattern 1911 guns were also used on World War I era destroyers bought by Bulgaria and Peru. Some Romanian cruise ships were lent to Russia in WWI, to be used as auxiliary cruisers, and equipped with 102 mm Obukhov guns. During Bolshevik Revolution most of those ships returned to Romania. In WWII, about 3 to 5 guns were used by Romanians as coastal artillery in Sulina & Sf.Gheorghe Black Sea sectors.

Ship classes which carried the Pattern 1911:

Ammunition

Ammunition was 101.6 x 790mm R[2] and of Fixed QF type. A complete round weighed between 24.5 and 30 kg (54 and 66 lb). The projectiles weighed between 15 and 17.5 kg (33 and 39 lb).[3]

The gun was able to fire:[1]

References

  • Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Černyšev, Aleksandr (2007). "Noviki" : lučšie ėsmincy Rossijskogo Imperatorskogo flota. "Jauza" [u.a.] ISBN 9785699231645. OCLC 239634061.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval weapons of World War One : guns, torpedoes, mines and ASW weapons of all nations : an illustrated directory. Seaforth Pub. ISBN 9781848321007. OCLC 751804655.
  2. 1 2 3 "FINNISH ARMY 1918 - 1945: HEAVY COASTAL GUNS". www.jaegerplatoon.net. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  3. 1 2 3 DiGiulian, Tony. "Russia / USSR 4"/60 (10.2 cm) Pattern 1913 - NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  4. 1 2 Černyšev, Aleksandr (2007). "Noviki" : lučšie ėsmincy Rossijskogo Imperatorskogo flota. "Jauza" [u.a.] ISBN 9785699231645. OCLC 239634061.
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