118th United States Congress
117th ←
→ 119th
A photo of the United States Capitol, with a sunrise in the background.
United States Capitol (2023)
January 3, 2023 – January 3, 2025
Members100 senators
435 representatives
6 non-voting delegates
Senate majorityDemocratic
Senate PresidentKamala Harris (D)
House majorityRepublican
House Speaker
Sessions
1st: January 3, 2023 – January 3, 2024
2nd: January 3, 2024 – present
A small pin held onto an article of clothing with a Congressional seal on it
118th Congress House member pin

The 118th United States Congress is the current meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It convened in Washington, D.C., on January 3, 2023, and will end on January 3, 2025, during the final two years of President Joe Biden's initial term.

In the 2022 midterm elections, the Republican Party won control of the House 222–213 for the first time since the 115th Congress, while the Democratic Party gained one seat in the Senate, giving them a 51–49 seat majority (with a caucus of 48 Democrats and three independents). With Republicans winning the House, the 118th Congress ended the federal government trifecta Democrats held in the 117th.[1]

This congress also features the first female Senate president pro tempore (Patty Murray), the first Black party leader (Hakeem Jeffries) in congressional history, and the longest-serving Senate party leaders (Mitch McConnell and Dick Durbin).[lower-alpha 2]

The 118th Congress has been characterized as a uniquely ineffectual Congress, with its most notable events pointing towards political dysfunction.[2] The intense gridlock, particularly in the Republican-controlled House where the Republican Conference's majority was often undercut by internal disputes amongst its members,[3] resulted in it passing the lowest number of laws for the first year of session since the Richard Nixon administration, and possibly ever.[4] The Congress began with a multi-ballot election for Speaker of the House, which had not happened since the 68th Congress in 1923. Kevin McCarthy was eventually elected speaker on the 15th ballot. After relying on Democratic votes to get out of a debt ceiling crisis and government shutdown threats, McCarthy became the first speaker to ever be removed from the role during a legislative session on October 3, 2023.[5] Following three failed attempts by various representatives to fill the post, on October 25, Mike Johnson was elected as speaker. In November, Johnson followed McCarthy's lead in avoidance of a government shutdown.

Partisan disciplinary actions have also increased. With the expulsion of New York Representative George Santos from the House in December 2023 over the opposition of the Speaker, this was the first congress since the 107th in which a member was expelled, and the first ever in which a Republican was. There was also an increase of censures passed in the House,[6] being the first congress with multiple censures since the 1983 congressional page sex scandal and the most in one year since 1870. In December 2023, House Republicans authorized an impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden.[7]

Major events

President Joe Biden during his 2023 State of the Union Address with Vice President Kamala Harris and then House Speaker Kevin McCarthy
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Major legislation

Enacted

Proposed (but not enacted)

House bills
Senate bills

Major resolutions

Adopted

Proposed

  • H.Con.Res. 3: Expressing the sense of Congress condemning the recent attacks on pro-life facilities, groups, and churches. (awaiting action in the Senate)
  • H.Con.Res. 9: Denouncing the horrors of socialism. (awaiting action in the Senate)
  • S.J.Res. 4: Removing the deadline for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.

Vetoed

  • H.J.Res. 27: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Revised Definition of 'Waters of the United States'".
  • H.J.Res. 30: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "Prudence and Loyalty in Selecting Plan Investments and Exercising Shareholder Rights".
  • H.J.Res. 39: Disapproving the rule submitted by the Department of Commerce relating to "Procedures Covering Suspension of Liquidation, Duties and Estimated Duties in Accord With Presidential Proclamation 10414".
  • H.J.Res. 42: Disapproving the action of the District of Columbia Council in approving the Comprehensive Policing and Justice Reform Amendment Act of 2022.
  • H.J.Res. 45: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Education relating to "Waivers and Modifications of Federal Student Loans".
  • S.J.Res. 11: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles: Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards".
  • S.J.Res. 32: Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection relating to "Small Business Lending Under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (Regulation B)".

Party summary

Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section:
Number of members of Congress by age,
118th Congress

Senate

Overview of Senate membership by party
  Party
(shading shows control)
 Total Vacant
Democratic Independent Republican
End of previous Congress[lower-alpha 3] 48 2 50 100 0
Begin (January 3, 2023) 48 3 49 100 0
January 8, 2023[lower-alpha 4] 48 99 1
January 23, 2023[lower-alpha 4] 49 100 0
September 29, 2023[lower-alpha 5] 47 99 1
October 3, 2023[lower-alpha 5] 48 100 0
Latest voting share 51.0% 49.0%  

House of Representatives

Overview of House membership by party
  Party
(shading shows control)
 Total Vacant
Democratic Republican
End of previous Congress 216 213 429 6
Begin (January 3, 2023)[lower-alpha 6] 212 222 434 1
March 7, 2023[lower-alpha 6] 213 435 0
May 31, 2023[lower-alpha 7] 212 434 1
September 15, 2023[lower-alpha 8] 221 433 2
November 13, 2023[lower-alpha 7] 213 434 1
November 28, 2023[lower-alpha 8] 222 435 0
December 1, 2023[lower-alpha 9] 221 434 1
December 31, 2023[lower-alpha 10] 220 433 2
Latest voting share 49.2% 50.8%
Non-voting members 3 3[lower-alpha 11] 6 0

Leadership

Note: Democrats refer to themselves as a "caucus"; Republicans refer to themselves as a "conference".

Senate

Senate President
Kamala Harris (D)
Senate President pro tempore
Patty Murray (D)

Presiding

Majority (Democratic)

Minority (Republican)

House of Representatives

House Speaker
Kevin McCarthy
Kevin McCarthy (R),
from January 7 to October 3, 2023
Mike Johnson
Mike Johnson (R),
from October 25, 2023

Presiding

Majority (Republican)

Minority (Democratic)

Members

Senate

The numbers refer to their Senate classes. All class 3 seats were contested in the November 2022 elections. In this Congress, class 3 means their term commenced in 2023, requiring re-election in 2028; class 1 means their term ends with this Congress, requiring re-election in 2024; and class 2 means their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 2026.

House of Representatives

All 435 seats were filled by election in November 2022. Additionally, six non-voting members were elected from the American territories and Washington, D.C.[lower-alpha 15]

The numbers refer to the congressional district of the given state in this Congress. Eight new congressional districts were created or re-created, while eight others were eliminated, as a result of the 2020 United States census.[lower-alpha 16][lower-alpha 17]

Changes in membership

Senate changes

Senate changes
State
(class)		 Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation[lower-alpha 18]
Nebraska
(2)		 Ben Sasse
(R)		 Incumbent resigned January 8, 2023, to become the president of the University of Florida.[24]
Successor was appointed January 12, 2023, to continue the term.[38][lower-alpha 19]		 Pete Ricketts
(R)		 January 23, 2023
California
(1)		 Dianne Feinstein
(D)		 Incumbent died September 29, 2023.[25]
Successor was appointed October 1, 2023, to continue the term.[40]		 Laphonza Butler
(D)		 October 3, 2023
California
(1)		 Laphonza Butler
(D)		 Appointment to expire in November or December 2024, following a special election.[41]
Successor will be elected November 5, 2024, to finish the term ending with this Congress.[42]		 TBD

House of Representatives changes

House changes
District Vacated by Reason for change Successor Date of successor's
formal installation[lower-alpha 18]
Virginia 4 Vacant Incumbent Donald McEachin (D) died November 28, 2022, before the beginning of this Congress.
A special election was held on February 21, 2023.[43]		 Jennifer McClellan
(D)		 March 7, 2023
Rhode Island 1 David Cicilline
(D)		 Incumbent resigned May 31, 2023, to become CEO of the Rhode Island Foundation.
A special election was held on November 7, 2023.[29]		 Gabe Amo
(D)		 November 13, 2023
Utah 2 Chris Stewart
(R)		 Incumbent resigned September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues.
A special election was held on November 21, 2023.[31]		 Celeste Maloy
(R)		 November 28, 2023
New York 3 George Santos
(R)		 Incumbent expelled December 1, 2023.
A special election will be held on February 13, 2024.		 TBD
California 20 Kevin McCarthy
(R)		 Incumbent resigned December 31, 2023.[44]
A special election will be held with a jungle primary on March 19, 2024, and the top two candidates will advance to the general election on May 21, 2024.		 TBD
Ohio 6 Bill Johnson
(R)		 Incumbent to resign January 21, 2024, to become president of Youngstown State University.[45][46]
A special election will be held with primaries on March 19, 2024, and the general election on June 11, 2024.		 TBD
New York 26 Brian Higgins
(D)		 Incumbent to resign in February 2024 to become president of Shea's Performing Arts Center.[47] TBD

Committees

Section contents: Senate, House, Joint

Senate committees

Standing committees

Committee Chair Ranking Member/Vice Chair
Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Debbie Stabenow (D-MI) John Boozman (R-AR)
Appropriations Patty Murray (D-WA) Susan Collins (R-ME)
Armed Services Jack Reed (D-RI) Roger Wicker (R-MS)
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Sherrod Brown (D-OH) Tim Scott (R-SC)
Budget Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) Chuck Grassley (R-IA)
Commerce, Science and Transportation Maria Cantwell (D-WA) Ted Cruz (R-TX)
Energy and Natural Resources Joe Manchin (D-WV) John Barrasso (R-WY)
Environment and Public Works Tom Carper (D-DE) Shelley Moore Capito (R-WV)
Finance Ron Wyden (D-OR) Mike Crapo (R-ID)
Foreign Relations Bob Menendez (D-NJ) until September 22, 2023
Ben Cardin (D-MD) from September 25, 2023		 Jim Risch (R-ID)
Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Bernie Sanders (I-VT) Bill Cassidy (R-LA)
Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Gary Peters (D-MI) Rand Paul (R-KY)
Judiciary Dick Durbin (D-IL) Lindsey Graham (R-SC)
Rules and Administration Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Small Business and Entrepreneurship Ben Cardin (D-MD) until September 25, 2023
Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) from September 27, 2023		 Joni Ernst (R-IA)
Veterans' Affairs Jon Tester (D-MT) Jerry Moran (R-KS)

Select, permanent select and special committees

Committee Chair Ranking Member/Vice Chair
Aging (Special) Bob Casey Jr. (D-PA) Mike Braun (R-IN)
Ethics (Select) Chris Coons (D-DE) James Lankford (R-OK)
Indian Affairs (Permanent Select) Brian Schatz (D-HI) Lisa Murkowski (R-AK)
Intelligence (Select) Mark Warner (D-VA) Marco Rubio (R-FL)
International Narcotics Control (Permanent Caucus) Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) Chuck Grassley (R-IA)

House of Representatives committees

Committee Chair Ranking Member
Agriculture Glenn Thompson (R-PA) David Scott (D-GA)
Appropriations Kay Granger (R-TX) Rosa DeLauro (D-CT)
Armed Services Mike Rogers (R-AL) Adam Smith (D-WA)
Budget Jodey Arrington (R-TX) Brendan Boyle (D-PA)
Education and the Workforce Virginia Foxx (R-NC) Bobby Scott (D-VA)
Energy and Commerce Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-WA) Frank Pallone (D-NJ)
Ethics Michael Guest (R-MS) Susan Wild (D-PA)
Financial Services Patrick McHenry (R-NC) Maxine Waters (D-CA)
Foreign Affairs Michael McCaul (R-TX) Gregory Meeks (D-NY)
Homeland Security Mark Green (R-TN) Bennie Thompson (D-MS)
House Administration Bryan Steil (R-WI) Joe Morelle (D-NY)
Intelligence (Permanent Select) Mike Turner (R-OH) Jim Himes (D-CT)
Judiciary Jim Jordan (R-OH) Jerry Nadler (D-NY)
Natural Resources Bruce Westerman (R-AR) Raúl Grijalva (D-AZ)
Oversight and Reform James Comer (R-KY) Jamie Raskin (D-MD)
Rules Tom Cole (R-OK) Jim McGovern (D-MA)
Science, Space and Technology Frank Lucas (R- OK) Zoe Lofgren (D-CA)
Small Business Roger Williams (R-TX) Nydia Velázquez (D-NY)
Transportation and Infrastructure Sam Graves (R-MO) Rick Larsen (D-WA)
Veterans' Affairs Mike Bost (R-IL) Mark Takano (D-CA)
Ways and Means Jason Smith (R-MO) Richard Neal (D-MA)

Joint committees

Committee Chair Vice Chair Ranking Member Vice Ranking Member
Economic Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-NM) Rep. David Schweikert (R-AZ) Rep. Don Beyer (D-VA) Sen. Mike Lee (R-UT)
Library Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Rep. Bryan Steil (R-WI) Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY) Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE)
Printing Rep. Bryan Steil (R-WI) Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN) Sen. Deb Fischer (R-NE) Rep. Joe Morelle (D-NY)
Taxation[lower-alpha 20] Rep. Jason Smith (R-MO) Sen. Ron Wyden (D-OR) Sen. Mike Crapo (R-ID) Rep. Richard Neal (D-MA)

Officers and officials

Congressional officers

Senate officers

House of Representatives officers

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Removed in a vote of the House.
  2. ↑ McConnell has served as Senate Republican Leader since January 3, 2007, and Durbin has served as Senate Democratic Whip since January 3, 2005.
  3. 1 2 In Arizona: Kyrsten Sinema left the Democratic Party to become an independent politician on December 9, 2022. Effective January 3, 2023, Sinema does not participate in either political party caucus but keeps her seniority and continues to receive committee assignments through the Democrats.[22][23]
  4. 1 2 3 4 In Nebraska: Ben Sasse (R) resigned on January 8, 2023, to become President of the University of Florida.[24] Pete Ricketts (R) was appointed to fill the vacancy on January 12, 2023, and took office on January 23.
  5. 1 2 3 4 In California: Dianne Feinstein (D) died on September 29, 2023.[25] Laphonza Butler (D) was appointed to fill the vacancy on October 1, 2023, and took office on October 3.[26]
  6. 1 2 3 In Virginia's 4th district: Donald McEachin (D) died during the previous Congress, and Jennifer McClellan (D) was elected February 21, 2023. She was sworn in on March 7.[27][28]
  7. 1 2 3 4 In Rhode Island's 1st district: David Cicilline (D) resigned on May 31, 2023, and Gabe Amo (D) was elected November 7, 2023. He was sworn in on November 13.[29]
  8. 1 2 3 4 In Utah's 2nd district: Chris Stewart (R) resigned on September 15, 2023, due to his wife's health issues.[30][31] Celeste Maloy (R) was elected November 21, 2023. She was sworn in on November 28, 2023.[32]
  9. 1 2 In New York's 3rd district: George Santos (R) was expelled on December 1, 2023.
  10. 1 2 In California's 20th district: Kevin McCarthy (R) resigned on December 31, 2023.
  11. ↑ Includes a New Progressive Party member who is also affiliated as a Republican.
  12. ↑ Since 1920, the Senate Democratic Leader has also concurrently served as the Democratic Caucus Chairperson; this is an unwritten tradition.
  13. ↑ In California, There are two elections, a special election to fill the seat for the final two months of this congress, and a general election for a full term starting with the 119th Congress. Butler is not running to finish the final two months of the current term.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is the Minnesota affiliate of the U.S. Democratic Party and its members are counted as Democrats.
  15. 1 2 Puerto Rico's non-voting member, the Resident Commissioner, is elected every four years. Jenniffer González was last elected in 2020.
  16. ↑ The new districts created were: Colorado's 8th; Florida's 28th; North Carolina's 14th; Oregon's 6th; Texas's 37th; Texas's 38th. The districts re-created were: Montana's 1st; Montana's 2nd.
  17. ↑ The eliminated districts were: California's 53rd; Illinois's 18th; Michigan's 14th; Montana's at-large; New York's 27th; Ohio's 16th; Pennsylvania's 18th; West Virginia's 3rd.
  18. 1 2 When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.
  19. ↑ Ricketts serves as senator on an interim basis, until a special election, which will be held on November 5, 2024, concurrently with the presidential election and the general election for Nebraska's class 1 senator. The winner of the special election will complete the remainder of Sasse's term, which expires on January 3, 2027, when the winner of the 2026 regular election will commence a full term.[39]
  20. ↑ The Joint Taxation Committee leadership rotate the chair and vice chair and the ranking members between the House and Senate at the start of each session in the middle of the congressional term. The first session leadership is shown here.

References

  1. ↑ "Republicans win control of the House, NBC News projects, overtaking Democrats by a slim margin". NBC News. November 16, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  2. ↑ Binder, Sarah (December 26, 2023). "Why Congress's 2023 was so dismal". Good Authority.
  3. ↑ Garrity, Kelly (November 15, 2023). "Why Republicans Are on the Verge of Fistfights". Politico. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  4. ↑ "Capitol Hill stunner: 2023 led to fewest laws in decades". Axios. 2023.
  5. ↑ "House makes history, removes McCarthy as Speaker". The Hill. October 3, 2023.
  6. ↑ Schnell, Mychael (December 6, 2023). "GOP advances Bowman censure resolution, teeing up final vote". The Hill.
  7. ↑ "Biden impeachment inquiry authorized by House Republicans, despite lack of evidence". Reuters. 2023.
  8. ↑ "House Speaker Election Coverage: House adjourns after McCarthy suffers defeat on third ballot". The Hill. January 3, 2023. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  9. ↑ McCartney, Allison; Parlapiano, Alicia; Wu, Ashley; Zhang, Christine; Williams, Josh; Cochrane, Emily; Murphy, John-Michael (January 6, 2023). "Vote Count: McCarthy Elected House Speaker After 15 Ballots". The New York Times. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  10. ↑ "House Republicans vote to remove Rep. Ilhan Omar from the Foreign Affairs Committee". NPR. February 2, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  11. ↑ "In rowdy scene, House censures Rep. Adam Schiff over Trump-Russia investigations". Associated Press. June 21, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
  12. ↑ "Harris ties Calhoun's 191-year-old record for breaking Senate ties". Roll Call. July 12, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  13. ↑ "Dianne Feinstein: Senator died of natural causes Friday morning". The San Francisco Chronicle. September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  14. ↑ Greve, Joan E. (October 3, 2023). "Kevin McCarthy ousted as US House speaker by hard-right Republicans". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  15. ↑ "Joe Biden, In Oval Office Primetime Address, Makes Case For Renewed Support For Israel And Ukraine: "American Leadership Is What Holds The World Together"". Deadline Hollywood. October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  16. ↑ "House elects Mike Johnson as Speaker, ending GOP chaos". The Hill. October 25, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
  17. ↑ Jorgensen, Sarah (November 7, 2023). "Tlaib again faces censure resolutions over Israel comments | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  18. ↑ Breuninger, Kevin (December 1, 2023). "Rep. George Santos expelled from Congress for corruption, cutting GOP majority". CNBC. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  19. ↑ Ferek, Katy Stech; Vielkind, Jimmy (December 1, 2023). "George Santos Expelled From Congress in Tense House Vote". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp. Retrieved December 1, 2023.
  20. ↑ Nerozzi, Timothy H. J. "Harris makes history with record-setting tie-breaking Senate vote". Fox News. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  21. ↑ Amiri, Farnoush. "House votes to censure Democratic Rep. Bowman for pulling a fire alarm in a Capitol office building". Associated Press.
  22. ↑ "Sinema leaving the Democratic Party and registering as an independent". CNN. December 9, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
  23. ↑ 2023 Congressional Record, Vol. 169, Page S22 (January 3, 2023)
  24. 1 2 Hammel, Paul (December 5, 2022). "Ben Sasse makes it official, will resign U.S. Senate seat Jan. 8". Nebraska Examiner. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
  25. 1 2 "Sen. Dianne Feinstein, an 'icon for women in politics,' dies at 90, source confirms". ABC 7 News. September 29, 2023. Retrieved September 29, 2023.
  26. ↑ Rubin, April (October 3, 2023). "California Sen. Laphonza Butler sworn in, marking historic first". Axios. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  27. ↑ LeBlanc, Paul (November 29, 2022). "Virginia Rep. Donald McEachin dies at age 61". cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  28. ↑ "On our radar: Jennifer McClellan will be sworn in to Congress next week". The Washington Post. March 2, 2023.
  29. 1 2 Scola, Nancy (May 31, 2023). "'Every Step of the Way, They Underestimated Us'". Politico.
  30. ↑ Schott, Bryan. "Rep. Chris Stewart plans to resign from Congress". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
  31. 1 2 Gehrke, Robert; Parrott, Jeff. "BREAKING: Special election to replace Rep. Stewart pushes Utah's 2023 city elections back to Nov. 21". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  32. ↑ Betz, Bradford (June 7, 2023). "Utah Rep. Chris Stewart to step down from Congress in September". Fox News. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  33. ↑ Gutman, David (November 16, 2022). "Patty Murray to be first female Senate president pro tempore, third in line for presidency". The Seattle Times. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  34. ↑ Treene, Alayna; Solender, Andrew (November 16, 2022). "McConnell re-elected as Senate GOP leader". Axios. Retrieved November 16, 2022.
  35. ↑ LeVine, Marianne. "McConnell breaks Senate record for longest-serving leader". Politico. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  36. ↑ Mizelle, Shawna (January 4, 2023). "Hakeem Jeffries to make history as the first Black lawmaker to lead a party in Congress". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
  37. ↑ Gilbert, Haidee Eugenio (November 8, 2022). "Moylan defeats Won Pat in delegate race". Pacific Daily News. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
  38. ↑ "Nebraska Gov. Jim Pillen to announce US Senator Ben Sasse's replacement on Thursday". KETV. January 11, 2023. Retrieved January 11, 2023. The appointment, which will be announced at 9 a.m., will be effective on Thursday.
  39. ↑ "Nebraska Revised Statute 32-565". nebraskalegislature.gov. Nebraska Legislature. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  40. ↑ "Governor Gavin Newsom Appoints Laphonza Butler to Complete Senator Feinstein's Term in the U.S. Senate". gov.ca.gov.
  41. ↑ Hubler, Shawn (October 19, 2023). "Laphonza Butler Will Not Run for Feinstein's Senate Seat in 2024". The New York Times. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  42. ↑ Porter, Jacque (October 4, 2023). "Californians will vote on two U.S. Senate races in 2024". KTXL. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  43. ↑ Flynn, Meagan (December 12, 2022). "Youngkin announces special election to fill late Rep. McEachin's seat". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  44. ↑ Brooks, Emily (December 19, 2023). "Kevin McCarthy submits official House resignation". The Hill. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Ohio Republican to retire from House to lead Youngstown State". thehill.com. November 21, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
  46. ↑ Skolnick, David (January 2, 2024). "Bill Johnson to resign Jan. 21 from Congress, start as YSU president the next day". Tribune Chronicle. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  47. ↑ Joly, Aidan (November 12, 2023). "Brian Higgins announces plans to resign from Congress, set to take top Shea's job". WIVB-TV. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
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