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12 of the 36 seats in the United States Senate (plus special elections) 19 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results: Federalist hold Federalist gain Dem-Republican hold Dem-Republican gain Legislature Failed To Elect | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1812–13 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with President James Madison's re-election. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1812 and 1813, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
The Democratic-Republican Party lost two seats but still retained an overwhelming Senate majority. As in recent elections, the minority Federalists had gone into the elections with such a small share of Senate seats (6 out of 36, or 16.7%) that if they had won every one of the elections, they would still not have controlled a majority.
Change in composition
Before the elections
Composition after September 1812 elections in the new state of Louisiana.
| DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||
| DR9 | DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 |
| Majority → | DR19 | ||||||||
| DR28 Pa. Retired |
DR27 Ohio Retired |
DR26 N.C. Retired |
DR25 Ky. Retired |
DR24 Md. Unknown |
DR23 La. Unknown |
DR22 S.C. Ran |
DR21 N.Y. Ran |
DR20 Ga. Ran | |
| DR29 Vt. Retired |
F7 N.H. Ran |
F6 Conn. Ran |
F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||
Result of the regular elections
| DR8 | DR7 | DR6 | DR5 | DR4 | DR3 | DR2 | DR1 | ||
| DR9 | DR10 | DR11 | DR12 | DR13 | DR14 | DR15 | DR16 | DR17 | DR18 |
| Majority → | DR19 | ||||||||
| V1 Md. DR Loss |
DR27 S.C. Re-elected |
DR26 Ga. Re-elected |
DR25 Vt. Hold |
DR24 Pa. Hold |
DR23 Ohio Hold |
DR22 N.C. Hold |
DR21 La. Hold |
DR20 Ky. Hold | |
| V2 N.H. F Loss |
F6 N.Y. Gain |
F5 Conn. Re-elected |
F5 | F4 | F3 | F2 | F1 | ||
| Key: |
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Race summaries
Special elections during the 12th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1812 or before March 4, 1813; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
New seat | Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain. |
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| Louisiana (Class 3) |
New seat | Louisiana was admitted to the Union on April 30, 1812. Inaugural senator elected September 3, 1812. Democratic-Republican gain. | |||
| Louisiana (Class 2) |
Thomas Posey | Democratic- Republican |
1812 (Appointed) | Jean Destréhan had resigned October 1, 1812 without having qualified. Interim successor appointed October 8, 1812. Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected February 4, 1813 on the second ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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Races leading to the 13th Congress
In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1813 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Connecticut | Chauncey Goodrich | Federalist | 1807 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1813. |
|
| Georgia | Charles Tait | Democratic- Republican |
1809 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1813. |
|
| Kentucky | John Pope | Democratic- Republican |
1806 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 12, 1813 on the third ballot. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Louisiana | Allan B. Magruder | Democratic- Republican |
1812 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Maryland | Philip Reed | Democratic- Republican |
1806 (special) 1806 |
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect. Democratic-Republican loss. |
[data missing] |
| New Hampshire | Charles Cutts | Federalist | 1810 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Legislature failed to elect after 12 ballots. Federalist loss. |
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| New York | John Smith | Democratic- Republican |
1804 (special) 1807 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected February 2, 1813. Federalist gain. |
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| North Carolina | Jesse Franklin | Democratic- Republican |
1799 1804 (Lost) 1806 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1812. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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| Ohio | Alexander Campbell | Democratic- Republican |
1809 (special) | Incumbent retired. New senator elected February 6, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| Pennsylvania | Andrew Gregg | Democratic- Republican |
1806 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected December 8, 1812. Democratic-Republican hold. |
|
| South Carolina | John Gaillard | Democratic- Republican |
1804 (special) 1806 |
Incumbent re-elected in late 1812.[11] |
|
| Vermont | Stephen R. Bradley | Democratic- Republican |
1791 1795 (Lost) 1801 (special) 1806 |
Incumbent retired. New senator elected October 21, 1812. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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Special elections during the 13th Congress
In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1813 after March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Massachusetts (Class 1) |
James Lloyd (F) | Federalist | 1808 (special) 1808 |
Resigned May 1, 1813. New senator elected May 5, 1813. Federalist hold. |
|
| Connecticut (Class 3) |
Chauncey Goodrich | Federalist | 1807 (special) 1812 |
Incumbent resigned May 13, 1813 to become Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut. New senator elected May 13, 1813. Federalist hold. |
|
| Maryland (Class 3) |
Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. New senator elected May 21, 1813. Federalist gain. |
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| Delaware (Class 2) |
James A. Bayard | Federalist | 1804 (special) 1805 1811 |
Resigned March 3, 1813. New senator elected May 21, 1813. Federalist hold. |
|
| New Hampshire (Class 3) |
Charles Cutts | Federalist | 1810 (special) 1813 (Appointed) |
Interim appointee lost election. New senator elected June 10, 1813 on the second ballot. Federalist hold. |
|
| Georgia (Class 2) |
William Bulloch | Democratic- Republican |
1813 (Appointed) | Unknown if interim appointee retired or lost re-election. New senator elected November 6, 1813. Democratic-Republican hold. |
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Connecticut
Connecticut (regular)
Connecticut (special)
Delaware (special)
Georgia
Georgia (regular)
Georgia (special)
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Maryland (regular)
The Maryland legislature failed to elect a senator before the March 3, 1813, the beginning of the term. Robert Henry Goldsborough was appointed to fill the seat.
Maryland (special)
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80 members of the Maryland General Assembly | ||||||||||||||||
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Robert H. Goldsborough won election over Edward Lloyd by a margin of 20.45%, or 18 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[18]
Massachusetts (special)
New Hampshire
New Hampshire (regular)
New Hampshire (special)
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Vermont
See also
References
- ↑ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
- ↑ "Louisiana 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing American Watchman; and Delaware Republican (Wilmington, DE). October 14, 1812.
- ↑ "Louisiana 1812 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing The Louisiana Gazette and New-Orleans Advertiser (New Orleans, LA). December 3, 1812.
- ↑ "Kentucky 1813 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 22, 2018., citing Muskingum Messenger (Zanesville, OH). January 27, 1813.
- ↑ "Louisiana 1813 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Courrier de la Louisiane (New Orleans, LA). January 22, 1813.
- ↑ "New Hampshire 1812 U.S. Senate, Ballot 12". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Concord Gazette (Concord, NH). December 29, 1812.
- ↑ "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns. August 8, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
- ↑ "North Carolina 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing The Star (Raleigh, NC). December 11, 1812.
- ↑ Taylor, William A. (1900). Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 with Notes and Sketches of Senators and Representatives and Other Historical Data and Incidents. Columbus, Ohio: The XX. Century Publishing Co. p. 98 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Pennsylvania 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Journal of the Pennsylvania State Senate, 1812. 41–43.
- 1 2 "South Carolina 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing City Gazette and Commercial Advertiser (Charleston, SC). December 10, 1812.
- ↑ "Vermont 1812 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Columbian Phenix: or, Providence Patriot (Providence, RI). October 31, 1812.
- ↑ "Massachusetts 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing The Virginia Patriot (Richmond, VA). June 11, 1813.
- ↑ "Maryland 1813 U.S. Senate". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Republican Star or Eastern Shore General Advertiser (Easton, MD). May 25, 1813.
- ↑ "Delaware 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Journal of the Delaware State Senate, 1813. 12.
- ↑ "New Hampshire 1813 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Portsmouth Oracle (Portsmouth, NH). June 12, 1813.
- ↑ "Georgia 1813 U.S. Senate, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved February 23, 2018., citing Liberty Hall (Cincinnati, OH). December 14, 1813.
- ↑ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - May 20, 1813". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
External links
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789–Present, via Senate.gov
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