1896 Democratic National Convention
1896 presidential election
Nominees
Bryan and Sewall
Convention
Date(s)July 7–11, 1896
CityChicago, Illinois
VenueChicago Coliseum
Candidates
Presidential nomineeWilliam J. Bryan of Nebraska
Vice presidential nomineeArthur Sewall of Maine
The convention was held at the Chicago Coliseum
Seating arrangement for delegates at the convention
Inside the convention hall

The 1896 Democratic National Convention, held at the Chicago Coliseum from July 7 to July 11, was the scene of William Jennings Bryan's nomination as the Democratic presidential candidate for the 1896 U.S. presidential election.

At age 36, Bryan was the youngest presidential nominee in American history, only one year older than the constitutional minimum. Bryan's keynote "Cross of Gold" address, delivered prior to his nomination, lambasted Eastern monied classes for supporting the gold standard at the expense of the average worker. This was a repudiation of Cleveland administration's policy, but proved popular with the delegates to the convention.

Bryan secured the nomination on the fifth ballot over Richard P. Bland. Bryan declined to choose a Democratic vice presidential nominee, leaving the choice to his fellow delegates. Arthur Sewall of Maine was nominated on the fifth ballot. Bryan and Sewall ultimately lost to the Republican candidates, William McKinley and Garret Hobart.

Silver in control

For three years the nation had been mired in a deep economic depression, marked by low prices, low profits, high unemployment, and violent strikes. Economic issues, especially silver or gold for the money supply, and tariffs, were central. President Grover Cleveland, a Bourbon Democrat was pro-business and a staunch supporter of conservative measures such as the gold standard; he was strongest in the Northeast. Opposed to him were the agrarian and silver factions based in the South and West, which had been empowered after the Panic of 1893.[1]

A two-thirds vote was required for the Democratic Party nomination and at the convention the silverites just barely had it despite the extreme regional polarization of the delegates. In a test vote on an anti-silver measure, the Eastern states (from Maryland to Maine), with 28% of the delegates voted 96% for gold. The delegates from the rest of the country voted 91% against gold, so the silverites controlled 67% of the delegates.[2]

Bryan moves up

Bryan was a talented orator. He gave speeches, organized meetings, and adopted resounding resolutions that eventually culminated in the founding of the American Bimetallic League, which then evolved into the National Bimetallic Union, and finally the National Silver Committee.[3] At the time many inflationist farmers believed that by increasing the amount of currency in circulation, the crops they grew would receive higher prices. They were opposed by banks and bond holders who feared inflation, and by urban workers who feared inflation would further erode their purchasing power. The ultimate goal of the League was to garner support on a national level for the reinstatement of the coinage of silver.[4]

With others, he made certain that the Democratic platform reflected the now strengthening spirit of the silverites. With his support, Charles H. Jones, of the St Louis Post-Dispatch, was put on the platform committee and Bryan's plank for free silver was adopted sixteen to one and silently added to the Chicago Democratic Platform, in order to avoid controversy.[5] As a minority member of the resolutions committee, Bryan was able to push the Democratic Party from its laissez-faire and small government roots towards its modern, interventionist character. Through these measures, the public and influential Democrats became convinced of his capacity to lead and bring change, resulting in his being mentioned as a possible chairman for the Chicago convention. Bryan delivered speeches across the country for free silver from 1894 to 1896, building a grass-roots reputation as a powerful champion of the cause.

At the 1896 convention, Bryan lambasted Eastern moneyed classes for supporting the gold standard at the expense of the average worker. His "Cross of Gold" speech made him the sensational new face in the Democratic party. At the start of the convention, former Missouri Congressman Richard P. Bland, a strong supporter of bimetallism, was viewed as the favorite.[6] However, Bland was strongly opposed by many in the South, in part because his wife and daughter were Catholics.[6] Some bimetallist supporters tried to draft Republican Senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado, but his candidacy never got off the ground.[7]

Several state delegations, mostly from the Northeast, supported the gold standard and refused to take part in the nomination process.[7] Many conservative Democrats looked to former Senator David B. Hill of New York or Governor William Russell of Massachusetts for leadership, but Russell was in poor health and Hill did not gain support for a presidential bid.[8] Eight names were placed in nomination: Richard P. Bland, William J. Bryan, Claude Matthews, Horace Boies, Joseph Blackburn, John R. McLean, Robert E. Pattison, and Sylvester Pennoyer. The only major candidate that did support the gold standard was former Pennsylvania Governor Pattison.[7] After five ballots, Bryan triumphed over Bland and Pattison.[7] Bryan was also nominated for president by the Populist Party and the Silver Republican Party.

Presidential nomination

Presidential candidates

Declined

Not nominated

Balloting

Presidential Ballot
1st2nd3rd4th5thUN
Bryan 137 197 219 280 652 930
Bland 235 281 291 241 11 0
Pattison 97 100 97 97 95 0
Blackburn 82 41 27 27 0 0
Boies 67 37 36 33 0 0
McLean 54 53 54 46 0 0
Matthews 37 34 34 36 0 0
Tillman 17 0 0 0 0 0
Stevenson 6 10 9 8 8 0
Pennoyer 8 8 0 0 0 0
Teller 8 8 0 0 0 0
Russell 2 0 0 0 0 0
Hill 1 1 1 1 1 0
Campbell 1 0 0 0 0 0
Turpie 0 0 0 0 1 0
Blank 178 160 162 161 162 0


Vice Presidential nomination

After the selection of Bryan, the convention turned its attention to picking a running mate.[7] Newspaper publisher John Roll McLean of Ohio was viewed as a possible candidate, in part because his fortune could help fund the ticket.[7] Former Representative George F. Williams of Massachusetts, businessman Arthur Sewall of Maine, and former Attorney General Augustus Hill Garland of Arkansas were all mentioned as possible candidates.[7]

Eight names were placed in nomination: Arthur Sewall, John R. McLean, Joseph C. Sibley, George F. Williams, Walter Clark, J. Hamilton Lewis, George W. Fithian, and Sylvester Pennoyer.[9] After being placed in nomination, McLean, Sibley, and Fithian made it known to the convention that they were not candidates for the vice presidency. Sewall ultimately received the nomination on the fifth ballot. The Populist Party and the Silver Republican Party also both nominated Bryan for president, but the Populists nominated former Georgia Representative Thomas E. Watson instead of Sewell.

Vice Presidential candidates

Declined

Balloting


Vice Presidential Ballot
1st2nd3rd4th5thUN
Sewall 100 37 97 261 568 930
McLean 111 158 210 298 32 0
Bland 62 294 255 0 0 0
Sibley 163 113 50 0 0 0
G.F. Williams 76 16 15 9 9 0
Daniel 11 0 6 54 36 0
Clark 50 22 22 46 22 0
J. Williams 22 13 0 0 0 0
Harrity 19 21 19 11 11 0
Blackburn 20 0 0 0 0 0
Boies 20 0 0 0 0 0
Lewis 11 0 0 0 0 0
Pattison 2 1 1 1 1 0
Fithian 1 0 0 0 0 0
Teller 1 0 0 0 0 0
White 1 0 0 0 0 0
Blank 260 255 255 250 251 0


See also

References

  1. ↑ Stanley L. Jones (1964). The presidential election of 1896. U. of Wisconsin Press. pp. 212–43.
  2. ↑ Walter Dean Burnham, "The System of 1896: An Analysis," in Paul Kleppner et al., The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981), 147—202 at pp 158–60
  3. ↑ Paulo E. Coletta, William Jennings Bryan: Volume I, Political Evangelist, 1860–1908, (1964) p. 107.
  4. ↑ Paxton Hibben, The Peerless Leader, William Jennings Bryan (1929), 175.
  5. ↑ Hibben, The Peerless Leader, William Jennings Bryan p 184.
  6. 1 2 "The Silver Fanatics are Invincible". New York Times. 7 June 1896. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Bryan, Free Silver, and Repudiation". New York Times. 11 July 1896. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
  8. ↑ Weisman, Steven R. (2002). The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson-The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation. Simon & Schuster. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-684-85068-0.
  9. ↑ "Official proceedings of the Democratic national convention held in Chicago, Ill., July 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th, 1896."; pg. 350

Further reading

  • Coletta, Paulo E. William Jennings Bryan: Volume I, Political Evangelist, 1860–1908, (1964)
  • Geer, John G., and Thomas R. Rochon. "William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road." Journal of American Culture 16.4 (1993): 59-63. Bryan resembles the Wizard of Oz
  • Harpine, William D. "Bryan's “a cross of gold:” The rhetoric of polarization at the 1896 democratic convention." Quarterly Journal of Speech 87.3 (2001): 291-304. online
  • Jones, Stanley L. The presidential election of 1896 (1964).
  • Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932) online.

Primary sources

  • Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) pp 127–135 online
Preceded by
1892
Chicago, Illinois		 Democratic National Conventions Succeeded by
1900
Kansas City, Missouri
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